CAPF (AC) 2019 (Paper-1) (Question 1-50)

The Attorney-General of India is not a whole-time counsel for the Government of India. Attorney General holds office during the pleasure of the president. He gives advice to the Government of India in legal matters referred to him and other legal duties assigned to him by the President.

He has the right of audience in all Courts in India as well as the right to participate in the proceedings of the Parliament, though not to vote. He has the same qualifications as are required to be a Judge of the Supreme Court.

Short notice questions are related to matters of urgent public importance and can be asked for an oral answer at a notice less than 10 days. These questions can be admissible if the Minister of the concerned Ministry or Department agrees to answer to it.

Short notice questions are not asked during period of question hour. Short Notice Questions are taken up for answer in the House immediately after the Question Hour is over.

The Supreme Court of India is the final arbiter in cases which remain unresolved. If there is a dispute regarding disqualification that is not resolved by the speaker or Chairman of the House, the Supreme Court of India has the authority to make the final decision.

The 10th Schedule provides an exception to disqualification in cases of merger. Paragraph 4 of the Schedule states that a member shall not be disqualified on the ground of defection if his original political party merges with another political party, provided that not less than two-thirds of the membersof the legislature party concerned have agreed to such merger. In essence, defection does not apply if there is a valid merger according to the conditions specified in the schedule.

All three pairs of list and contents are correctly matched

State List: Public health and sanitation

Union List: Citizenship, naturalization, and aliens

Concurrent List: Legal, medical and other professions

Viruses do not have nuclei, organelles, or cytoplasm like cells do, and so they have no way to monitor or create change in their internal environment.

• Cytoplasm: Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills a cell, surrounding the organelles. It is where many metabolic reactions occur. Since bacteria are cells (prokaryotic cells), they have cytoplasm. Viruses are not cells and therefore lack cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria: Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles responsible for generating most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. Mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells (like plant and animal cells).
  Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, do not contain
  mitochondria or any other membrane-bound organelles. Viruses, being acellular, also lack mitochondria.
• Cell Membrane: A cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of all cells. It separates the interior of the cell from the external environment.
  Bacteria, as cells, have a cell membrane. Viruses do not have a cell membrane; they are typically composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called a capsid, and some viruses also have an outer envelope derived from the host cell membrane, but this is not a cell membrane in the same sense as found in bacteria.

When a cell is placed in a medium that has a higher water concentration than the cell's cytoplasm, this medium is described as a hypotonic solution relative to the cell. In this scenario:

1. The water concentration is higher outside the cell.
2. The water concentration is lower inside the cell (because there are more dissolved substances, or solutes, per unit volume inside the cell compared to the outside medium).
3. The cell membrane acts as a semi-permeable membrane.

According to the principles of osmosis, water will move from the region of higher water concentration (the surrounding medium) into the region of lower water concentration (the inside of the cell) across the cell membrane.
Effect of Water Movement on the Cell
As water enters the cell, the volume of the cell will increase. The cell will swell up as it gains water.

• In animal cells, which lack a rigid cell wall, this influx of water can cause the cell to swell significantly and potentially burst (lyse) if too much water enters.
• In plant cells, which have a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane, the incoming water pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall, creating turgor pressure. The cell wall prevents the plant cell from bursting, and the cell becomes firm or turgid.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) looks rough under the microscope due to the presence of ribosomes. These small, round organelles participate in protein synthesis.

Ribosomes are small, granular structures composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. When they attach to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, they look like tiny dots or bumps under the electron microscope. This dense covering of ribosomes creates the "rough" texture that distinguishes the RER from the smooth ER, which lacks these attached ribosomes.
Functions Associated with RER and Ribosomes

The close association between the RER membrane and the attached ribosomes highlights the primary role of the RER: protein synthesis and modification. Proteins synthesized by the attached ribosomes are often threaded into the lumen of the RER or embedded within its membrane, where they undergo folding, modification, and quality control before being transported to other parts of the cell or secreted.

The increase in the length of stems and roots in plants is due to apical meristem. Apical meristems are present on the root and shoot tips and engage in division and growth activity.
Apical meristem:

• Apical meristem is responsible for active division of the cell, present in the tip of the root and shoot.
• Behind the root cap is the apical meristem which is a tissue actively dividing cells.
• Most of them are added to the region of elongation lying just above the meristematic region.
• Growth in length occurs in the region of elongation .
• Thus, if the apical meristem is damaged, the length of the young plant will get affected.
• The primary tissue of the root matures in the elongation zone, completing the process of cell differentiation.

In-plant cells the turgidity and rigidity is provided by vacuoles. Vacuoles with full cell sap provide turgor pressure which helps in rigidity to the plant cells.

• Ribosomes: These are responsible for protein synthesis. They do not contribute to the turgidity or structural rigidity of the cell.
• Mitochondria: Often called the "powerhouses" of the cell, mitochondria generate energy through cellular respiration. Their function is energy production, not structural support or turgidity.
• Golgi apparatus: This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids. It is involved in cell wall formation in some cases but doesn't directly provide internal turgidity.
• Vacuoles full of cell sap: Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole. This vacuole is filled with cell sap, which is a watery solution containing sugars, salts, pigments, and waste products.

Pollens are produced in anthers which is the male organ of plants. Style and stigma are female organs while the corolla is combination of petals of the flower.

Flowers are considered the sexual part of the plant, as they help in the sexual reproduction. A flower can be bisexual or unisexual. That means it can contain both male and female reproductive organs or either male or female reproductive organs.

The fertilization is the process by which male gamete is fused with female and zygote is formed. In plants the male gamete or male sex cell is the pollen grain which lands on stigma after pollination, forms a pollen tube and fuses with the egg. The question is asking about where these pollen grains are produced.

Actually, the male reproductive organ is formed of anther and filaments together they are known as Stamen. Anther, contains pollen grains but pollen grains are produced in pollen sac. Pollen sac is the structure in seed plants in which pollen is produced. In angiosperms there are usually four pollen sacs in each anther; they contain the microspore mother cells. Therefore, it is the correct answer.

Filament is the part of stamen which connects anther with flower but plays no role in production of pollen grains. Stigma on the other hand is the part of the female reproductive organ on which the pollen grains land.