CAPF (AC) 2012 (Paper-1) (Question 1-50)

For the proper proceeding of parliamentary work many parliamentary committees are constructed. The scrutiny of Legislative constitutional Amendment Bills gets done in these committees.

The article 324-329 in the constitution of India explain the provision for elections to the house of the people and the legislative assemblies of states are to be held on the basis of universal adult suffrage. In this the constitution stipulates that there will be separate electoral roles for parliamentary and state assembly elections.

• The elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly have to take place every five years unless called earlier due to premature dissolution of the houses.
• The Constitution provides that the gap between the last session of the dissolved Lok Sabha/Legislative Assembly and the recalling of the new house cannot be longer than 6 months.
  o Thus, the elections have to be concluded before the expiry of 6 months after the dissolution of the house.

The fundamental duties for citizens was added in constitution under the 42nd amendment in 1976. The constitution of India is related with some aspects of a essential civil society and economy besides the structure of the government. In democratic societies, the Constitution lays down rules that guard against misuse of authority by our political leaders.

Article 51A: Fundamental duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India...
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, a ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

Wi-Fi is an important technology. It allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly with the help of radio waves over a computer network, including high-speed internet.

Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity, refers to wireless local area networking technology that enables devices like computers, smartphones, and tablets to connect to the internet or communicate with each other wirelessly. Wi-Fi works by using radio waves operating at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz to transmit and receive data over the air.

Public Wi-Fi hotspots can be found everywhere - airports, cafes, malls, stations, hotels, etc. Educational institutions and offices also have Wi-Fi networks, enabling efficient internet access. The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns further accelerated Wi-Fi adoption as work
from home became the norm.

TV remote control uses infrared radiation radiating pulses of IR energy from a light-emitting diode (LED) to an IR receiver in the TV. The receiver converts the light pulses to electrical signals that instruct a microprocessor to carry out the programmed command.

• Infrared Waves: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than microwaves, often felt as heat.
• Cosmic Waves: More commonly referred to as cosmic rays or background radiation, these are high-energy particles or rays originating from space.
• Microwaves: Electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz (between radio and infrared), commonly used in communication and cooking.
• Ether Waves: An obsolete term for electromagnetic waves, rooted in the 19th-century theory that light propagated through a hypothetical medium called "luminiferous ether".

A microwave oven uses wave with a large wavelength in the invisible range. It is a kitchen appliance that heats food. Microwaves are produced inside the oven by an electron tube called a magnetron.

The microwaves are reflected within the metal interior of the oven where they are absorbed by food. Microwaves cause water molecules in food to vibrate, producing heat that cooks the food.

The steel needle floats on top of the water because of surface tension. Surface tension happens because the water molecules at the surface of the water are strongly attracted to each other more than they are to the air molecules above them.

• Viscosity refers to a fluid's internal resistance to flow. While it affects how water moves, it is not the force that creates the "skin-like" surface capable of supporting a floating pin.
• Presence of ionic bonds in water molecules: Water molecules are held together by covalent bonds, not ionic bonds. lonic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms (like in NaCl), which is not the case for H,0.
• Presence of covalent bonds in water molecules: While water does contain polar covalent bonds, these are intramolecular forces (holding the atoms within a single molecule together). Surface tension is caused by intermolecular forces—specifically hydrogen bonding—between different water molecules.

In the beginning, a loaded trolley take a lot of force to move, but under motion it minimizes the force. It shows the Newton's first law of motion.

According to it, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force. This is known as the law of inertia.

• First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. It is the principle of conservation of energy applied to thermodynamic systems.
• Second Law of Thermodynamics: The total entropy (disorder) of an isolated system always increases over time.
• Newton's Second Law of Motion: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon it and inversely proportional to its mass.

When a car is placed in an open parking area in a summer day, the heat is trapped inside the car after sometime. This happens due to greenhouse effect. The 'greenhouse effect' is the warming of climate when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.

A greenhouse allows sunlight to pass into the 'greenhouse,' but blocking Earth's heat from escaping into space.

Baroda princely state wanted a direct dealing with the constituent assembly in the year 1946, instead of through the chamber of prices. Finally on 1 May 1949, Baroda State, the third largest state at the time of British India, formally acceded to the Dominion of India, Initially, Baroda merged with the Bombay state.