CAPF (AC) 2012 (Paper-1) (Question 1-50)

Sayana, the famous commentator of the Vedas, flourished under the rule of Bukka I and Harihar II of Vijayanagar. Sāyaņa was a Sanskrit-language writer and commentator, and more than a hundred works are attributed to him, among which are commentaries on nearly all parts of the Vedas.
Vijayanagar Empire

• According to a tradition, the founder of Vijayanagara Empire, Harihara and Bukka belonged to a family of five brothers who were feudatories of Kakatiyas of Warangal. Later, they became ministers in the kingdom of Kampili in Karnataka.
• According to a legend, when Mohammad Bin Tughlaq conquered Kampili, the two brothers were also captured, taken to Delhi and were forcibly converted to Islam.
• However, due to the atrocities of Mohammand Bin Tughlaq, the people of Kampili revolted. At this juncture, Harihara and Bukka were appointed to deal with rebellion, but seeing the plight of their own people, the two brothers were filled with the desire to free their homeland from Turkish bondage.
• At theinstance of their Guru Vidyaranya, they re-converted into Hinduism and in 1336 AD founded the independent kingdom of Vijayanagara.
• The two brothers extended their empire up to Rameshwaram in the South including the Chera territories. Sixteen rulers of four dynasties- Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu ruled over Vijayanagara from 1336 to 1646 AD.
• Sangama dynasty (1336-1485)
• Saluva dynasty (1485-1505)
• Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570)
• Aravidu dynasty (1570-1650)

The Bandagan- i- Khas during the rule of Delhi Sultans referred to the royal slaves. It established by Firoz Shah Tuglaq. It was a department made for slaves. It was important because at that time Delhi had a lot of slaves. They had the responsibility to take care.

Ibrahim adil shah is known in the Indian history as 'Jagadguru Badshah'. He tried to bring in cultural harmony between the Shias and Sunnis and between Hindu and Muslims through music.

Ibrahim belonged to the Sunni Islam sect but was broadminded in his religious views and practices. He was devoted to Prophet Muhammad, Hindu deities Saraswati and Ganapati, and Sufi saint Sayyid Muhammad Gisu Daraz (1321-1422) of Gulbarga.

Ibrahim was well aware of the Indian aesthetic concept of the Rasa (essence), originally proposed as eight (RasaS) by Bharata Muni in the Naatya Sastra, an ancient Sanskrit treatise on drama, etc.

Later, a ninth one was added, and thus came forth the idea of the Nava Rasas. in 1599, he laid the foundation for a new capital, Navraspur, near Bijapur. It was destroyed in a war in 1624 because its fortification was not completed by then.

He also issued a coin, the Nun- i—Nauras. Two Bijapur poets of his time, Rashid Qazwani and Abdul Qadir, assumed the pen name of Nauras and Naurasi respectively, but their writings did not survive.

Ibrahim was fond of his elephants, Atash Khan and Nauras Paikar, and his tambura called Moti khan. He was a master chess player and is said to have written a treatise on the board game

Vidyapati was a Maithili and Sanskrit poet, composer, writer, courtier and royal priest. He was a devotee of Shiva, but also wrote love songs and devotional Vaishnava songs. He was born in Madhubani district of Bihar.

Tropical cyclone gets strength by a transfer of water vapour and heat from the warm ocean to the overlying air, primarily by evaporation from the sea surface. As the warm, moist air rises, it expands and cools, quickly becoming saturated and releasing latent heat through the condensation of water vapour.

Whenever a tropical cyclone moves to land much of its severity is reduced because its source of moisture is cut off.
Favourable Conditions for Tropical Cyclone Formation
1. Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C (Ocean waters having temperatures of 27° C or more are the source of moisture, which feeds the storm. The condensation of moisture releases enough latent heat of condensation to drive the storm).
2. Presence of the Coriolis force enough to create a cyclonic vortex.
3. Small variations in the vertical wind speed.
4. A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level cyclonic circulation.
5. Upper divergence above the sea level system.

Volcanoes are classified as active, dormant, or extinct. A dormant volcano would, then be one that has not erupted in the past thousands years, but which is expected to erupt again. Italy's Visuviyas, Japan's Fujiyama and Mount Kilimanjaro of Tanzania are the best examples of dormant volcano.

• Volcanism refers to processes where magma, gases, and volcanic materials rise from the Earth’s interior to the surface. Driven mainly by tectonic plate movement, it occurs at divergent boundaries, subduction zones, and hotspots.
  When magma erupts, it appears as lava, which cools to form igneous rocks. Volcanoes are surface expressions of volcanism including shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cones, each with unique eruption styles.
• Eruptions may be explosive, releasing ash, pyroclastic flows, and gases, or effusive, marked by steady lava outpour. Though often destructive causing deaths, property loss, and climatic shifts volcanism also matures soils, provides geothermal
  energy, and continuously reshapes Earth. Studying it helps predict eruptions, reduce hazards, and strengthen resilience..

Asteroid belt is situated between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are a class of small solar system bodies in orbit around the sun. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes but much smaller than planets, called asteroids or minor planets.

The Fukuoka Asian culture prize is awards established by Fukuoka city and the Yokatopia foundation to honour the outstanding work of individuals or organizations in preserving or creating Asian culture. Dr Vandana Shiva, an eminent Indian environmental philosopher was conferred this prize for her remarkable work in the field of science.

India received his first investment through qualified framework investor route worth dollar 5 Million following the deal struck by Kotak Mahindra bank with an American firm.

Qualified Foreign Investors (QFls)

• The Qualified Foreign Investor (QFI) is a sub-category of the Foreign Portfolio Investor and refers to any foreign individuals, groups, associations, or residents from a country that is a member of the Financial Action Task Force
  (FATF).
• It also includes a country that is a member of a group that is a member of FATF, as well as a country that is a signatory to the International Organization of Securities Commissions' (I0OSCO) Multilateral Memorandum of
  Understanding (MMOU).
• The QFI program was announced in the Union Budget of 2011 by the Government of India in cooperation with the RBI and SEBI.
• The goal of allowing QFls is to deepen and infuse more foreign funds into the Indian capital market, as well as to minimise market volatility because individuals are regarded as longer-term investors than institutional investors.