CAPF (AC) 2012 (Paper-1) (Question 51-100)

Tamarind contains a high tartaric acid and other acids that improve the digestive system. Use of tamarind juice as a part of our meal helps in easy digestion of food.

• Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a leguminous tree bearing edible fruit that is indigenous to tropical Africa.
• It is native to Africa or Indian-sub continent and grown in Southeast Asia and Africa as well.
• Most of the tamarind is collected as minor forest produce.
• India is one of the largest exporters of both Tamarind and Seed of Moringa.

Green Muffler is the term that is used for plantation along roadsides to reduce noise pollution. In this method rows of plants are planted around noisy places that help in filtering out the noise.

Byssinosis affects lungs. It is caused by breathing in fine particles or dusts from fibers used in textile industry like cotton, hemp etc. Hence workers from textiles industry are commonly affected by Byssinosis.

As per the Bureau of Indian Standard, the domestic water demand in India in LPCD (liter per capita per day) is 135 litre per capita per day.
About Bureau of Indian Standards

• Itis the National Standard Body of India established under the BIS Act 2016.
• Objective: It was established for the harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking, and quality certification of goods and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
• It is the successor of the Indian Standards Institution (ISI), which was created in 1947 to ensure quality control and competitive efficiency in the rapid industrialization era.
• BIS represents India in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
• Nodal Ministry: It is functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
• Headquarter: It is headquartered in New Delhi and maintains regional and branch offices throughout the country.

Alluri Sitarama Raju was an Indian Revolutionary. He led tribals of chhotanagpur against the British during 1922-1924 in Gudem-Rampa Tract.

Alluri Sitarama Raju was a prominent freedom fighter, known for his significant role in leading the Rampa Rebellion against British colonial rule in the early 20th century.

His leadership inspired the tribal people of the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh to rise against the oppressive British administration, particularly against the imposition of restrictive laws that interfered with their way of life.

Despite being a relatively young leader, his guerrilla warfare tactics and dedication to the cause of tribals made him a legendary figure, earning him the title "Manyam Veerudu" or "Hero of the Jungle." Alluri's efforts laid the groundwork for later resistance movements, although he
was ultimately martyred for his cause.

Mahatma Gandhi led the mass movement of Indians against the Britishers for Independence of India. He incorporated various political methods including Petitioning to the British, village reconstruction and fasts.

Princely States of Tripura, Nilgiri and Travancore saw major movements over the period from 1930s to 1940s.

• Tripura: The 1930s saw the rise of the Tripura Rajya Gana Parishad, which led significant agrarian and political agitations against the monarchy.
• Nilgiri : Located in Odisha, Nilgiri withessed a violent and iconic people’s movement in the late 1930s and 1940s against feudal oppression, eventually becoming the first state to merge with the Indian Union
  in 1947.
• Travancore : This state saw intense movements, most notably the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising (1946) and the struggle against the "American Model" of government proposed by the Diwan.
  Baroda , while progressive, did not experience the same scale of mass political upheaval during this specific decade-long window compared to the others, as it had already initiated administrative reforms earlier.

• The Mahalwari System featured collective responsibility for land revenue collection, with entire villages or mahals (groups of villages) held accountable for payment. The Mahalwari System included the following features:
• Mahal Definition: In the Mahalwari System, the term "mahal," which means house or estate in Hindi, refers to the basic unit for tax assessment. A mahal could be a single village or a group of villages, and it was used as the administrative unit for evaluating land revenue.
• Revenue Assessment: The revenue was based on the agricultural produce of a mahal. This means that the amount of tax levied was determined by the output and productivity of the land within the mahal.
• Ownership Structure: The system recognised the village community as the collective owner of the land, while individual cultivators held personal ownership rights over their respective plots.
• Tax Collection: Farmers contributed their share of the tax directly. The task of collecting these taxes and transferring them to the British authorities was managed by the village headman (known as the lambardar) or a group of local leaders.
• Revenue Share: Under Lord Bentinck, the state’s share of revenue was initially set at 66% of the land's rental value. This was later adjusted to 50%.
• Rent Classification: The Mahalwari System introduced the concept of varying rents based on different soil types, aiming to account for productivity differences across different land classifications.
• Periodic Revision: In Mahalwari regions, land revenue assessments were subject to periodic revisions to reflect changes in agricultural output and other relevant factors.

Benguela is a cold current in the Atlantic Ocean. The current moves northward from the western coast of South Africa. Benguela Current, oceanic current that is a branch of the West Wind Drift of the Southern Hemisphere.

It flows northward in the South Atlantic Ocean along the west coast of southern Africa nearly to the Equator before merging with the westward-flowing Atlantic South Equatorial Current.

Statements 1 and 3 are correct as intensity of irrigation in Punjab is the highest among all Indian States. In Punjab there has been severe land degradation due to agricultural modernization including high intensity of irrigation.
Irrigation & Irrigation System

• Irrigation is the process of artificially applying water to crops in order to meet their water requirements.
• Irrigation can also be used to provide nutrients to crops.
• lrrigation is typically used in areas where rainfall is irregular, dry periods are expected, or drought is predicted.
• There are various types of irrigation systems that supply water uniformly to the entire field.
• Groundwater, from springs or wells, surface water, from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, and even treated wastewater or desalinated water can be used for irrigation.
• Irrigation provides the necessary moisture for growth and development, germination, and other related functions.
• The frequency, rate, amount, and time of irrigation differ for different crops, as well as depending on soil type and season.
• Summer crops, for example, require significantly more water than winter crops.
• Farmers must protect their agricultural water source to reduce the risk of contamination.
• As with any groundwater removal, irrigation water users must exercise caution to avoid pumping groundwater out of an aquifer faster than it is being recharged.
• It is regarded as a basic infrastructure and a necessary input for agricultural production.
• The primary goal is to maintain agricultural output while using as little water as possible, as well as to maintain landscapes and re-vegetate disturbed soils.
• Irrigation is frequently studied in conjunction with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and subsurface water from a specific area.