CAPF (AC) 2020 (Paper-1) (Question 51-100)

A Money Bill or any bill like a financial bill containing any of the provisions calculated to make that bill a money bill cannot be referred to a Joint Committee of the Houses. These types of bills are defined under Article 110 (1) of the Constitution.

There are certain criteria based on which the bill is deemed to be a Money Bill e.g. if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters like an imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax.

Due and equal consideration should be given to all individuals. This means that in making decisions or providing resources, everyone should be given fair consideration without any bias or discrimination.

Equality of treatment should be transcended to recognize special needs. This principle emphasizes the need to go beyond treating everyone the same and instead acknowledging and addressing the unique needs and circumstances of certain individuals or groups.

The Attorney General (AG) is appointed by the president and he must be a person who is qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court.

He holds office during the pleasure of the president and also receives such remuneration as the President may determine. The Attorney General has the right of audience in all courts in the territory of India including the High Courts and Supreme Court.
As chief law officer of the Government of India, the duties of AG include the following:

• To give advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters which are referred to him by the President.
• To perform such other duties of a legal character that are assigned to him by the President.
• To discharge the functions conferred on him by the Constitution or any other law.

The president has assigned the following duties to the AG:

• To appear on behalf of the Government of India in all cases in the Supreme Court in which the Government of India is concerned.
• Torepresent the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution.
• To appear (when required by the Government of India) in any High Court in any case in which the Government of India is concerned.

The State Government has also powers which it can endow to Panchayats in preparation of plans and also in the implementation of schemes related to economic development and social justice.

• The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, also known as the Panchayati Raj Act, is a landmark legislation in India that aims to provide a three-tier system of decentralized self-governance in rural areas. The main provisions of the Act are outlined in Part IX of the Indian Constitution, which consists of Articles 243 to 243-0.

Some major provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 are

• Three-tier system: Establishing a three-tier system of panchayats (local self-governments) in rural areas, comprising the gram panchayat (village council), panchayat samiti (block council), and Zilla parishad (district council).
• As per Article 243B and related provisions, Panchayats at the intermediate (block) level are not required in states with a population of 20 lakhs (2 million) or less. Thus, not all states have Panchayats at the intermediate level.
• Population: Providing for the establishment of a panchayat at the village level for every village having a population of at least 500 persons.
• Elections: Mandating regular elections to panchayats and the conduct of elections in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the rules made thereunder.
• Minimum Age For Panchayat Election: The minimum age to contest Panchayat elections at any level, including the intermediate level, is 21 years, not 30 years.
• Reservation: Providing for the reservation of seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and women in panchayats at all levels, as well as reservation of office of the chairpersons of panchayats at the village and intermediate levels for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women.
• State Finance Commission: Providing for the constitution of finance commissions to review the financial position of panchayats and to make recommendations for the devolution of funds, grants-in-aid, and taxes to panchayats.

Karaikkal Ammaiyar was one of the greatest Bhakti poets and saint figures of South India. She was a prominent Bhakti poet of Tamil literature and a great devotee of Lord Shiva.
FEATURES OF BHAKTI MOVEMENT

• Unity of God or one God though known by different names.
• Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith.
• Rejection of idol worship.
• The Bhakti movement promotes the Surrender of oneself to God.
• Emphasized both Nirguna and Saguna Bhakti movement.
• Salvation through Bhakti movement.
• Open-mindedness about religious matters.
• Rejected castes distinctions & believed in equality of all humans.
• Rebelled against the upper caste’s domination and the Sanskrit language.
• Use of local or regional languages for Preaching.
  - Creation of literature in the local language.

Kandariya Mahadev is one of the largest, tallest and most ornate temples of the surviving temples at Khajuraho. It is dedicated to Mahadev or Lord Shiva. The temple was built by the Chandela king Raja Dhandadeva and dated back to 1050 ВС.

• The Temples of Khajuraho are a magnificent example of the Nagara style of templesas the temples consist of
  * asanctum,
  * a narrow ante-chamber (antarala),
  * a transept (mahamandapa),
  * additional halls (ardha mandapa),
  * a mandapa or nave and
  * an ambulatory passage (Pradakshina-path) which is lighted by large windows.
• These are a collection of Hindu and Jain temples located in Madhya Pradesh.
• They are known for its ornate temples, was built by the Chandela rulers between 900 CE to 1130 CE.
• These are located in the Vindhya Mountain range.
• They got the status of UNESCO’s World Heritage Site in 1986.
• Erotic imagery is very common in the Temples of Khajuraho.
• Sculptures of celestial nymphs with broad hips, heavy breasts and languishing eyes are commonly found in the Kandariya Mahadeva and Vishwanath Temple. These sculptures are believed
  to reflect the idea of female beauty and fertility.
• Other scenes depicted on the walls of the temples are a part of the Narathara (the human life cycle) signifying how sexual procreation and kamaare an essential aspect of human life.
• The major focus of the study of the Temples of Khajuraho have been on the sculptures.
• The walls of these temples have some of the best sculptures of the time, making Khajuraho a representation of excellent artistic features.
• It is believed that the temples constitute five different sets of sculptures:
  * cultimages
  * the parivara, parsva and avarana devatas
  * the apsaras and the surasundaris
  * secular sculptures of miscellaneous themes (dancers, musicians, disciples and domestic scenes)
  * mythical creatures (vyalas, sardula and other animals)

Lingayats do not believe in social discrimination based on caste. They also do not follow child marriage and are supporters of widow remarriage. Lingayats worship Shiva and believe that on death the devotee will be united with Shiva hence bury their dead and not cremate.

Vitthala temple is located in Hampi. The temple was originally built in the 15th century AD and successive kings have enhanced the temple structure during their regimes to the present form. Vitthala Temple is the most extravagant architectural showpiece of Hampi.

258(1) state that notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, with the consent of the Government of a State, entrust either conditionally or unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation to any matter to which the executive power of the Union extends.