CAPF (AC) 2020 (Paper-1) (Question 51-100)

Both the central government and the state government have the power to make laws on the subjects mentioned under the concurrent list. Although if both center and state government has made laws on a particular subject of the concurrent list then the central law will prevail

7th Schedule of Indian Constitution – Concurrent List It has 52 subjects enumerated under it 42nd amendment Act 1976 shifted below mentioned five subjects from State list to Concurrent List:

• Education
• Forests
• Protection of wild animals and birds
• Weights and measures and
• Administration of justice, constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the High Courts

The concept of ‘Concurrent List’ in the Indian Constitution has been borrowed from the Constitution of Australia

Central Government and State Government both can make laws on the subjects mentioned under the Concurrent List

While both Central and State Government can legislate on subjects mentioned under Concurrent List, however, in case of any conflict, the law made by the Central Government prevails

The matters on which uniformity of legislation throughout the country is desirable but not essential are enumerated in the concurrent list

There are 03 subjects in the Concurrent List on which both Central and state governments have the power to levy taxes

Schedule of Indian Constitution – State List

It has 61 subjects. Earlier, it had 66 items.
42nd amendment Act 1976 shifted below mentioned five subjects from State list to Concurrent List:

• Education
• Forests
• Protection of wild animals and birds
• Weights and measures and
• Administration of justice, constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the High Courts

The laws can be made on the subjects enumerated under the State List of the Indian Constitution exclusively by the State legislatures. However, all these can be done only under ‘Normal Circumstances.’

Article 249 gives Parliament the power to legislate concerning a subject enumerated in the State List in the national interest

Parliament can legislate on subjects that are enumerated under the State List on three conditions:

• When Rajya Sabha passes resolution
• During a national emergency (Article 250)
• When two or more states pass a resolution requesting Parliament to legislate on subjects under State List Note:

  1. On states' resolution, the law made is only applicable to such states that passed a resolution. However, other states can too adopt it by, passing the same resolution.

  2. The law made by the Parliament on States’ resolution can be amended or repealed by the Parliament only and not the states:

  * For the implementation of International Agreements

  * During President’s Rule

The matters of regional and local importance and the matters which permits diversity of interest are specified in the State List

There are 20 subjects in the State List on which states’ legislatures have an exclusive power to levy taxes

The 69th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1991 made special provision in relation to National Capital. Laws cannot be made by Delhi government on three subjects under State List named as – Public Order, Police & Land

The Constitution of India gives the President of India certain law-making powers to promulgate ordinances during the recess of Parliament. These ordinances have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament but are like temporary laws.

Every ordinance issued must be laid before both the Houses of Parliament or state legislature within six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament or state legislature and it ceases to exist if it is not approved within six weeks of reassembly.

Milpa is shifting cultivation in Mexico, Ladang in Malaysia, Rocca in Brazil and Masole in Zaire.

Shifting Cultivation is an indigenous farming technique in which forest patches are cut and burned to prepare land for cultivation, the nutrient rich ash makes the soil temporarily fertile, but is only able to support crop growth for only a few years.

When fertility declines, the farmers move to new plots, leaving the old land barren to regain fertility naturally. This rotational cycle between cultivation and fallow makes it distinct from permanent farming and ties strongly with ecological rhythms.

The Practice of Shifting Cultivation is a sequential process that involves many stages. These stages include:

• Farmers clear the land by cutting and burning vegetation, enriching the soil with released nutrients.
• Many crops such as cereals, tubers, pulses and vegetables are cultivated on fertile ground.
• After the harvest, the soil starts to lose nutrients and once the productivity decreases, the land is left fallow for many years.
• During this time, natural vegetation restores the soil fertility making sure it gets reused in the future. This cycle maintains a balance between human needs and ecological renewal.

SAUBHAGYA scheme is aimed at free electricity connections to all households including both above the poverty line and poor families in rural areas. It covers poor families in urban areas as well.
About Saubhagya Scheme:

• The Government of India launched Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA) in October, 2017
• Obijective: Achieving universal household electrification, by providing electricity connections to all un-electrified households in rural areas and all poor households in urban areas in the country.
• Under the Saubhagaya scheme, LED bulbs, wire, holders, switches, etc are to be provided to BPL families free of cost.
  Salient features of the scheme were:-Providing last-mile connectivity and electricity connections to all un-electrified households in rural areas.-Providing Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)-based standalone systems for un-electrified households located in remote and inaccessible villages / habitations where grid extension is not feasible or cost effective.-Providing last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all remaining economically poor un-electrified households in urban areas. Non-poor urban households are excluded from this scheme.
• Inthe rural areas, families other than BPL families electricity connection has to be provided for Rs. 500. The consumer has to pay the amount in 10 equal installments of Rs. 50 in each bill, in the urban areas, the BPL families will be provided free power connection.
• Itis a provision that families of rural areas, which are not possible to issue electrical assembliesthrough grid supply, have to be published through solar energy.
• Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) has been designated as its nodal agency for the Saubhagya scheme.
• The beneficiaries for free electricity connections will be identified using Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 data.

Cartagena Protocol

• An international treaty governing movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.
• Adopted in 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD).
• The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.
• It establishes an advance informed agreement (AlA) procedure for ensuring that countries are provided with the information necessary to make informed decisions before agreeing to the import of such organisms into their territory. The Protocol contains a reference to a precautionary approach.
• It also establishes a Biosafety Clearinghouse to facilitate the exchange of information on living modified organisms and to assist countries in the implementation of the Protocol.
• India has ratified this protocol.
• The convention does not apply to Pharmaceuticals for humans that are addressed by other international Agreements or organizations

The transition zone of varied natural vegetation occupying the boundary between two adjacent and differing plant communities is known as Ecotone. For example, the mangrove forests represent an ecotone between the marine and terrestrial ecosystems.

All the statements are correct. Such-i kul is meant absolute peace. It describes a peaceful and harmonious relationship and freedom of expression among all religions and schools of thought. It was part of the state policies of Emperor Akbar and few more Rulers.

Religious Policy of Akbar was the result of his liberal and multifaceted approach to bring about the synthesis of all religions. Akbar proposed the policy of universal peace, called Sulh-i-Kul for this purpose. In 1582, Akbar created a new faith called Din-i-llahi, encompassing ideas from all religions.
His effort won the support of non-Muslim populations, particularly the Hindus, which demonstrated his commitment to fostering a stable and pluralistic society.

Sulh-i-Kul is an Arabic term meaning absolute peace or universal peace. Akbar wanted to emphasize the social dimension of his religious thought through this principle, which encouraged unity and harmony among people of different religions and reduced religious conflicts. Akbar saw religious strife as the fundamental source of human suffering and division. Thus, proposed Sulh-i-Kul as the way to promote unity and harmony.

The statement C seems incorrect as Mughal emperors gave grants to support the building and maintenance of places of worship. However, the factual evidence backing this claim is still not available.

The 'religious policy of the Mughals' was one of the significant factors of the Mughal rule in India. Various imperial policies towards other religions other than Islam were adopted by different Mughal emperors. Although previous Mughals such as Akbar were guided by the policy of religious tolerance and neutrality, Aurangzeb was more conservative in his Islamic
approach.

The religious policy of Mughals in their rule was formed because of the attitude of the Mughal emperor towards non-Muslims and religious minorities. This, in its turn, affected the stability and performance of the Mughal rule in India.

Goswami Tulsidas was a great author, Hindu saint, and philosopher. He is credited with composing various epics. He is fondly remembered for his devotion to Lord Rama and being the author of the great epic, the Ramcharitmanas. He also composed Kavitavali, Padavli, Vinayapatrika and many more.