CAPF (AC) 2022 (Paper-1) (Question 101-125)

The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was enacted to curtail the freedom of the Indian press and suppress criticism of British policies. Introduced in response to growing dissent, especially after the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80), the act reflected the British
government's attempt to silence opposition.

Proposed by Lord Lytton, the then Viceroy of India, it specifically targeted newspapers published in Indian languages that voiced resistance to colonial rule.

The Vernacular Press Act, passed by the Viceroy's Council in 1878, excluded English-language publications. It was designed to control seditious writing in 'publications in Oriental languages' across the country. However, widespread opposition to the act grew over time, leading to its
eventual repeal in 1882 under Lord Ripon’s administration.

Second Anglo-Afghan War : 1878

Ilbert Bill Controversy : 1883

Fox's India Bill : 1783

Lord Curzon becomes the Viceroy : 1899

Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Telangana are the sets of Indian states which are landlocked and do not have an international boundary.

Passes from West to East direction as-

Bera Lacha La(Himachal Pradesh) > shipki La (Himachal Pradesh) > Jelep La (Sikkim) > Bomdi La (Arunachal Pradesh)

Statement 1 is not correct -

Jet Streams extend from 20 degrees latitude to the poles in both hemispheres.
El Nino, meaning "Child Christ" is a warm ocean current appearing along the Peru coast, generally in December.

It normally happens once every 4-5 years though it is not fixed. It replaces the cold Peru Ocean current flowing along the Peru coast in normal years. Under normal conditions, the Peru is a cold water current, while over the Western Pacific (Indonesia and Eastern Australia), the ocean current is warm and deep.

The appearance of EL Nino reverses the conditions there and develops warm conditions over eastern Pacific (Peru coast) and Cold conditions in the Western Pacific. This condition is linked to the Southern Oscillation happening between the Pacific and the Indian Oceans and ultimately leads to weak monsoons in the subcontinent because of the weakening of the monsoonal winds or trade winds.

A Non-Banking financial company cannot seek demand deposits from public and cannot issue cheques.

A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, chit business but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.

Swaran Singh Committee recommended the insertion of fundamental duties in the Indian Constitution.

It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.

Article 51A: Fundamental duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India...
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, a ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

The proceeds from disinvestment are included as capital receipts.

Disinvestment means sale or liquidation of assets by the government, usually Central and state public sector enterprises, projects, or other fixed assets.

• Disinvestment in India began in 1991-92 when 31 selected PSUs were disinvested for Rs. 3,038 crores.
• The term ‘disinvestment” was used first time in Interim Budget 1991.
• Later, Rangarajan committee, in 1993, emphasised the need for substantial disinvestment.
• The policy on disinvestment gathered steam, when a new Department of Disinvestment was created in 1999, which became a full Ministry in 2001.
• Ministry of Disinvestment was formed in 2001
• But in 2004, the ministry was shut down and was merged in the Finance ministry as an independent department.
• Later, the Department of Disinvestments was renamed as
• Department of Investments and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) in 2016.
• Now, DIPAM acts as a nodal department for disinvestment

GST is a destination-based consumption tax. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.

The GST is paid by consumers, but it is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.

• In order to provide for the constitutional basis for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax, the Constitution (122nd Amendment) Bill was introduced in the Parliament in 2014.
• The same bill was passed as the Constitution (101st Amendment) Act in 2016.
• This amendment introduced 3 new articles in the Constitution:
  o Article 246A — Both the Parliament and the State Legislatures will have concurrent powers to make laws related to GST. However, the Parliament will retain exclusive power to legislate in the case of inter-state trade of goods and services.

o Article 269A — In the case of inter-state trade where GST is levied              and collected by the Union Government, the tax revenue proceeds to be apportioned by the Centre between the centre and states in a manner as may be provided by the Parliament
by law on the recommendations of the Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council).
o Article 279A — It empowers the President of India is empowered              to constitute the GST Council and defines its composition and                   functioning.