CAPF (AC) 2022 (Paper-1) (Question 51-100)

Statement 1 and 2 are correct. But Statement 3 is wrong because Maps can show route from one place to another.

A map is a guide that depicts a drawing of the Earth’s surface or a piece of it drawn on a level surface as indicated by a scale. For the most part, maps give more data than a globe. Map evolution has been a long and difficult road. Humans have been documenting their surroundings for thousands of years, in the form of cave paintings, stone tablets, religious maps, printed maps, and today’s multi-layered digital maps.

A map is useful because it can be used to predict and figure out where things are. Maps can show the locations of streets in a city. They can indicate the location of physical features such as mountains and rivers. They can demonstrate where in the world the various countries’ territories are located.
Maps are representations of the real world on a much smaller scale than photographs. They assist you in moving from one location to another. They aid in the organization of information. They assist you in determining where you are and how to get where you want to go.
Types Of Maps

• Physical Maps: Maps showing normal highlights of the Earth-like mountains, levels, fields, waterways, seas, and so on are called alleviation or Physical maps
• Political Maps: Maps showing urban communities, towns, and various nations and conditions of the world with their limits are called political guides
• Topical Maps: Some guides centre around detailed data; for example, guides, precipitation maps, maps showing the conveyance of backwoods, ventures, and so on are known as topical guides.

Statement (c) is not correct. Because Great circles represent the shortest distance between two points anywhere on the Earth's surface.

A great circle is defined as any circle drawn on a sphere (such as Earth) with a center that includes the center of the sphere.

• Every great circle divides the Earth into two equal halves, known as hemispheres.
• This property is due to the fact that the plane of a great circle passes through the center of the Earth.
• Not every circle on the Earth's surface is a great circle.
• A great circle is specifically the largest possible circle that can be drawn on a sphere, with its center coinciding with the center of the sphere.
• Circles of smaller diameter, such as lines of latitude (except the Equator), are not great circles.
• Great circles represent the shortest path between two points on the surface of a sphere.
• This is why they are used in navigation and aviation to determine the most efficient travel routes.
• The concept of great circles is crucial for understanding geodesic paths on the Earth's surface.
• A great circle is indeed the largest circle that can be drawn on a sphere, passing through any two points on the surface.
• This is because the plane of the great circle intersects the sphere's center, making it the largest possible circle.
• This property is used in various applications, including navigation and geodesy.

Statement (a) is correct. Under normal conditions, temperature usually decreases with increase in altitude in the troposphere at a rate of 1 degree for every 165 metres. This is called normal lapse rate.

• Lapse rate is rate of change in temperature observed while moving upward through the Earth’s atmosphere (troposphere to be specific).
• The lapse rate is considered positive when the temperature decreases with elevation, zero when the temperature is constant with elevation, and negative when the temperature increases with elevation (temperature inversion).
• The lapse rate of non-rising air — commonly referred to as the normal, or Environmental, Lapse Rate (ELR) —is highly variable, being affected by radiation, convection, and condensation; it averages about 5 °C per kilometer in the lower
  atmosphere (troposphere).

Manas is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. Ghaggar is a tributary of the Ganga River. Mahi River is one of the major west flowing inter-state rivers of India. Kosi is the tributary of the Ganga.

The Brahmaputra River System is surrounded by the Himalayas to the north, the Patkai Hills to the east, the Assam Hills to the south, and the Himalayas again to the west. The Himalayan regions of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, which form part of the Brahmaputra Basin, experience heavy snowfall. These regions also account for 55.48% of India’s total forest cover, making them some of the greenest areas in the country.

One of the most remarkable features of the Brahmaputra River System is Majuli, an island in Assam, which holds the distinction of being the world’s largest and oldest inhabited river island, recognized by UNESCO. The river system also has a significant hydropower potential of 66,065 MW, making it a crucial resource for renewable energy development.

As the Brahmaputra River flows from Kobo to Dhubri in Assam, it accumulates a large amount of sediment from its 20 tributaries on the north bank and 13 on the south bank. The region receives the majority of its annual rainfall during the South-West monsoon season, with 85% of the total precipitation occurring between May and September.

The landmark case D.C. Wadhwa vs. State of Bihar in the supreme court is related to the powers of the Governor to repromulgate ordinances.

In DC Wadhwa vs. State of Bihar(1987), the court was examining that the then state government continued to re-promulgate ordinances without enacting their provisions into Acts of legislature.

The supreme court ruled that repromulgation of ordinances is against Constitutional morality and is an act of Colourable legislation. Because through ordinance making power the Executive encroaches into the law-making function of the Legislature.

'Operation Flood' is also popularly known as the White Revolution.
Operation Flood, launched on 13 January 1970, was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's National Dairy Development Board
The main objectives of the revolution are as follows:

• The procurement, transportation, and storage of milk at the chilling plants.
• To provide cattle feed.
• The societies also produce various milk products and manage their marketing. They provide superior cattle breeds (cows and buffaloes), health services, veterinary and artificial insemination facilities, and extension services.
• The technology of the White Revolution in India is based on an extensive system of cooperative societies.
• After being collected at a village collection centre, milk is promptly transported to the dairy plant at the milk chilling centre.
• The chilling centres are managed by producer cooperative unions to facilitate milk collection from producers who live some distance from them, eliminating the middlemen.

The 'Stand-up India Scheme' is related to promoting technical know to young, educated or skilled workers from rural areas.

Stand-Up India Scheme facilitates bank loans between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 Crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch for setting up a greenfield enterprise. This enterprise may be in manufacturing, services or the trading sector.

India being a federal system along with some of the feature of unitary features therefore it is sometime referred as quasi-federal system.

Indian Federalism is not completely based over the concept of separation of power, as their no air tight separation between the executive, legislature and judiciary but it works on the concept of 'checks and balance' along with separation of power. It can also be said that it is based on the concept of 'Division of Power'.

Early Mughal Paintings followed the Bihzad school. Mir Sayyid Ali and Addus Samad were two eminent Persian artists in India.
Both 1 & 2 are correct.
Mughal Paintings Origin

• Mughal painting, a distinctive art form of the Indian subcontinent, emerged during the 16th century under the patronage of the Mughal Empire. Its origins trace back to the fusion of Persian miniature painting with indigenous Indian styles, influenced by the cultural exchanges facilitated by the Mughal court.
• The foundation for Mughal painting was laid by the early Mughal emperors, especially Humayun, who, during his exile in Persia, invited Persian artists Mir Sayyid Ali and Abd al-Samad to India.
• These Persian artists, following Humayun's guidance, produced several remarkable artworks, including the famed Khamsa of Nizami.
• Unlike conventional Persian art, these creations marked the beginning of a distinct style known as Mughal painting.
• Under Mughal Emperor Akbar's reign (1556—-1605), these influences amalgamated, leading to the establishment of a royal atelier that produced richly illustrated manuscripts such as the Hamzanama.
• Emperor Jahangir (1605-1627) further refined this art form by emphasising naturalistic elements and incorporating European artistic techniques, resulting in lifelike portraits and studies of flora and fauna.
• Over time, the Mughal school incorporated elements from Indian, Persian, and European art, resulting in a rich, syncretic visual culture that influenced later regional painting traditions across India.

Statement (1) is wrong 'Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat' was announced in the year 2015 on the occasion of the 140th birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Statement (2) is true. Its aim is to create an environment which promotes learning between the states by sharing best practices and experiences.