CAPF (AC) 2023 (Paper-1) (Questions 101-125)

It is a nationwide programme of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to promote breastfeeding and provision of counselling services for supporting breastfeeding through health systems. The practice of breastfeeding is one of the important natural interventions for child survival as it enhances immunity level in child and can greatly help to reduce the under-five mortality rate.

Commission includes 1 Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 Information Commissioners (IC) who will be appointed by the President of India. RTI Rules 2019. The CIC and ICs (at the central and state level) will hold office for a term of five years. CIC shall not be eligible for reappointment.

• The Government of India enacted the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, which allows Indian citizens to obtain any information that the Government or its institutions have available to them, thereby increasing accountability between the State and the people and enhancing the processes of democracy.
• The RTI Act provides a mechanism by which citizens may request access to records and information located within the Government. The timeframe for a response is 48 hours for life and liberty situations and 30 days for all other requests. The Act also establishes a formal procedure for Citizens to appeal against a denial of their
  request for information.

Somnath Chatterjee was a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) from 1968 to 2008. Somnath Chatterjee he was appointed the pro tem speaker and subsequently on 4 June 2004 he was unanimously elected as the Speaker of the 14th Lok Sabha.

• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. According to Article 94, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha shall be chosen from amongst the members of the house and shall vacate his/her office when he/she ceases to be a member of the house.
• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha can be removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the then members of the House, requiring 14 days' notice before the resolution is moved. This process is outlined in Article 94 of the Constitution and the rules of procedure.

On the tenth of Vaisakha, outside the town of Jimbhikgram, he obtained full knowledge or "Kaivaly" at the age of 42 while meditating under a sal tree alongside the river Rijjupalika, after twelve years of constant and rigorous penance.

ASRAV Asrav means inflow and according to Jain philosophy defined as the inflow of karmas to the soul. The influx of karmas occurs at every second in life. It is this process that keeps our souls wandering in this universe and prevents it from being free.

The Cholas actively encouraged the weaving industry in their kingdom and derived revenue from it. Inscriptions mention taxes such as the tari irai or tari kadamai (loom tax).

Other dues included achchu tari (probably a tax on the pat- terned loom), tari pudavai (probably a tax on cloth), panjupeeli (a tax on cotton yarn), parutti kadamai (a tax on cotton), nulayam (a tax on cotton thread), and kaibanna or bannige (a tax on dyers).

A tax called pattadai nulayam was levied on silk thread. On the other hand, there is evidence of the state announcing tax con- cessions and tax remissions for a specified period to weavers in new settlements in order to attract them. Kulottunga I was given the title Sungam tavirta Cholan (remover of customs duties). This alludes to his having abólished customs dues at ports in order to promote trade.

The state emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the Capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).

Little is known about Vindhyashakti (c. 250 – c. 270 CE), the founder of the family Vakataka. Territorial expansion began in the reign of his son Pravarasena I. It is generally believed that the Vakataka dynasty was divided into four branches after Pravarasena I.

Gupta Empire - Features

• The Gupta Empire ruled India from the early fourth to late sixth centuries CE. It ruled much of the Indian subcontinent from around 319 to 467 CE. Historians call this period "India's Golden Age."
• King Sri Gupta established the empire's ruling dynasty, and its most notable rulers were Chandragupta |, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta Il, also known as Vikramaditya.
• Strong trade ties also aided in the region's establishment as a cultural hub and a base for influencing neighbouring kingdoms and regions in India and Southeast Asia.
• Due to factors such as significant territorial and imperial authority losses caused by former feudatories, as well as the Huna peoples' (Kidarites and Alcon Huns) invasion of Central Asia, the
  empire eventually fell apart.
• Following the fall of the Gupta Empire in the sixth century, India was ruled by a slew of regional kingdom:s.

Shalihotra is considered an ancient authority on horses and horse breeding and number of works like Hayayurveda, Salihotrasamihita, Ashvaprasna and Ashvalakshnashastra are attributed to him.

• Shalihotra (c. 2350 BCE) is described to be the son of a Brahmin sage, Hayagosha and is considered the founder of veterinary sciences.
  He is said to have lived in Sravasti (modern Sahet-Mahet on the borders of Gonda and Bahraich districts in the Uttar Pradesh), a place associated with Buddha and Mahavira in 6th century BCE.. Some other sources describe Shalihotra to have lived in Salatur, a place near Kandahar. Shalihotra and Agnivesha are described to be the pupils of the same teacher; others say that Susruta was Shalihotra's pupil.
• Shalihotra is known to have been a specialist in the treatment and other aspects of the horses. He composed a treatise called- Haya Ayurveda or Turangama-Sastra or Shalihotra samhita (encyclopedia of the physician Shalihotra), a work on the care and treatment of the horses.
  True to Indian tradition, knowledge embodied in Ayurveda is alsosaid to have been revealed to Sha/ihotra by Brahma himself, the fountain head of all knowledge.
  This work of Shalihotra was later translated into Persian, Arabic, Tibetan and English languages. This work described equine and elephant anatomy, physiology, surgery and diseases with their curative and preventive measures.
  It elaborated on the body structures of different races of horses, and identified the structural details by which one can determine the age of a horse. Two other works, namely Asva-prashnsa and Asva-lakshana sastram are also attributed to Shalihotra. Haya-Ayurveda was accepted as a standard

Aştchāp, (Sanskrit: Eight Seals), group of 16th-century Hindi poets, four of whom were disciples of the Vaishnava leader Vallabha, and four of his son and successor, Vitthala.

The greatest of the group was Sūrdās, a blind singer whose descriptions of the exploits of the childgod Krishna are the highlights of his collection of poetry called the Sürsāgar, a work that is admired throughout the Hindi-speaking areas of northern India.

The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall. With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soils rich in iron oxide and aluminium compound are left behind. Humus content of the soil is removed fast by bacteria that thrives well in high temperature.

These soils are poor in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and calcium, while iron oxide and potash are in excess. Hence, laterites are not suitable for cultivation; however, application of manures and fertilisers are required for making the soils fertile for cultivation.

Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for tree crops like cashewnut. These soils have mainly developed in the higher areas of the Peninsular plateau. The laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.