CAPF (AC) 2023 (Paper-1) (Questions 101-125)

• Ragi, also known as Finger Millet, is indeed a type of millet. Millets are a group of small-seeded grasses widely grown as cereal crops or for fodder. Ragi is well-known for its ability to grow in difficult conditions, including dry regions.
  Southern India, particularly states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Telangana, are significant producers of Ragi. It is particularly important in the drier regions of these states due to its drought tolerance.
• In India, crops are generally classified based on the season they are grown. The main seasons are Kharif (monsoon season, sown roughly June-July, harvested Sept-Oct) and Rabi (winter season, sown Oct-Nov, harvested March-April).
  Ragi is predominantly grown as a Kharif crop across most parts of India, relying on the monsoon rains. While it can be grown as a Rabi or summer crop in areas with irrigation, its primary cultivation season in rainfed areas, which are common for Ragi, is Kharif.
• Ragi is often grown as a rainfed crop, meaning it relies solely on rainfall for water, especially in dry regions. It is also known to adapt to a variety of soil types, including red, light black, and sandy loam soils. These soil types are indeed found in areas where Ragi is cultivated.
  However, this statement describes common growing conditions rather than a fundamental classification or a key regional characteristic like Statement 1. Also, Ragi can be grown under irrigation as well, so stating it 'is' a rainfed crop might not be universally true.
• Ragi is a hardy crop and can tolerate relatively high temperatures, so the temperature range of 20°C to 30°C is plausible for its growth, although it can thrive in a slightly wider range. Regarding rainfall, Ragi is particularly valued for its ability to grow in areas with low rainfall, often less than 50 cm annually.
  While it can grow with higher rainfall, its significance lies in its drought tolerance, making it suitable for regions receiving less than 50 cm.

Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, metamorphic rock. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect. All other statements are correct.

Igneous Rocks

• The solidification of magma formed the first rocks on earth.
• Rocks formed out of solidification of magma (molten rock below the surface) and lava (molten rock above the surface) and are known as igneous or primary rocks.
• Having their origin under conditions of high temperatures the igneous rocks are unfossiliferous.
• Granite, gabbro, basalt, are some of the examples of igneous rocks.
• There are three types of igneous rocks based on place and time taken in cooling of the molten matter, plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks and intermediate rocks.
• There are two types of rocks based on the presence of acid-forming radical, silicon, acidic rocks and basic rocks
  
  Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are formed by lithification — consolidation and compaction of sediments.
• Hence, they are layered or stratified of varying thickness. Example: sandstone, shale etc.
• Sediments are a result of denudation (weathering and erosion) of all types of rocks.
• These types of rocks cover 75 per cent of the earth’s crust but volumetrically occupy only 5 per cent (because they are available only in the upper part of the crust).
• Ice deposited sedimentary rocks are called till or tillite. Wind-deposited sediments are called loess.

Gahirmatha marine sanctuary is very famous for its nesting beach for Olive Ridley Turtles. It is the one of world's most important nesting beach for turtles. Chilka, the world's second-largest brackish water lagoon and Asia's largest, is the single largest habitat of Irrawaddy dolphins in the world.

Nalsarovar wetland hosts a few mammalian species including the endangered wild ass and the black buck. Tso Moriri Lake is a high-altitude freshwater lake situated in the Ladakh region of India. It is an important breeding ground for several bird species, such as the bar-headed goose, black-necked crane, and brown-headed gull, among others.

Gleization Gleization is the soil formation process that takes place in Phumdis (floating fields) in Loktak Lake of Manipur.

Phumdis are floating mats of vegetation, soil, and organic matter that undergo constant waterlogging and anaerobic conditions, leading to gleization, which is characterized by the accumulation of iron and organic compounds due to poor drainage and low oxygen availability.

When the difference between high and low tides is the highest, they are called spring tides. Spring tides can be witnessed after the full moon and new moon.

They take place when the sun, moon, and earth are all in a line. It happens because the solar tides and lunar tides line up together to reinforce one another, leading to a bigger total tide.

Chennai Super Kings wins the IPL 2023 and equals Mumbai Indians records of most IPL wins 5 times. Chennai Super Kings remained runner-up in five editions of the tournament. On three occasions, the IPL final was played abroad.

The Indian Premier League, also called IPL, is a super-popular cricket tournament played in India every summer since 2008. It follows the T20 format, which means each team gets just 20 overs to bat--so the action is always fast and exciting! Ten city-based teams, including stars from all over the world, compete to lift the shiny IPL trophy. The IPL brings together sport, fun, music, and makes cricket feel like a grand festival. If you love cricket, you'll love the IPL.

The IPL started in 2008, created by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). The first season had 8 teams, and many doubted it would be a success. But after just a few weeks, the IPL became a national craze! Movie stars like Shah Rukh Khan bought teams, music and fireworks filled the stadium, and cricketers from different countries played together for the first time in an Indian league. Every year, the league only got bigger, richer, and even more famous Worldwidle.

The first edition of KIUG wag held in Odisha. The name of the mascot of the third edition of KIUG was Jeetu. 3rd edition of Khelo India University Games (KIUG) was in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

• Khelo India, which translates to ‘Let’s play India’, was proposed by the government of India in 2017 to revive India’s sporting culture by engaging with children at the grassroots level.
• The initiative also focused on building better sporting infrastructure and academies across the country for various sports.
• It is implemented by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
• Under this movement, the Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG), the Khelo India University Games (KIUG) and the Khelo India Winter Games were set up as annual national sports competitions where
  youngsters, representing their states and universities, respectively, showcased their skills and competed for medals.

Aj eya Warrior is a bilateral military exercise between India and the UK. The seventh edition of the Ajeya Warrior exercise took place from April 27th to May 11, 2023.

Key Features of Exercise AJEYA WARRIOR 25

• The Indian Army is being represented by troops of the Sikh Regiment.
• The objective of the exercise is to facilitate the exchange of best combat skills and experiences between the two armies and to enhance their ability to operate together in complex situations.
• It is conducted under a United Nations mandate, the exercise focuses on counter-terrorism operations in semi-urban environments.
  e |tincludes joint mission planning at Brigade level, integrated tactical drills, simulation-based scenarios and company-level field training exercises replicating real-life counter-terror contingencies.
• The exercise also aims to share best practices, enhance tactical proficiency and develop coordinated responses for managing complex operations in challenging environments.
• Significance: The 2025 edition further reinforces shared values of professionalism, cooperation and commitment to regional stability and global peace.

The journey of the First Phage of Sagar Parikrama Yatra, an initiative of the Government of India, was started from Gujarat.

• Sagarmala Parikrama journey was virtually flagged off by the Union Defence Minister on October 29 during the Swavlamban event.
• It is supported by the Indian Navy’s Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Organisation (NIIO), Technology Development Acceleration Cell (TDAC), and the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX).
• The Sagarmala Parikrama aligns with global advancements in autonomous surface and underwater systems, offering transformative applications in both military and civilian sectors.
• This first-of-its-kind journey highlights India’s growing expertise in autonomous maritime technology and establishes a significant milestone in developing cutting-edge, unmanned systems for national security.
• It paves the way for future deployment of autonomous vessels in critical sea lanes, coastal surveillance, and anti-piracy operations, expanding the Indian Navy’s operational rea

Mela Kheer Bhawani festival was celebrated in Jammu and Kashmir in the month of June. Hundreds of Kashmiri Pandits paid their obeisance at the famous Ragnya Devi temple in Ganderbal district in the Valley and celebrated the annual Kheer Bhawani mela.