Mock Test-2 (Paper-1) (Question 51-100)

The planned economy is based on mixed economy system. The concept of mixed economy evolved from the ideas of Keynes. The concept of Mixed Economy means that both private enterprises and public enterprises coexist.

However the condition attached is that the private enterprises must work for serving the society rather than having only self interest. Further the private enterprises may not be allowed in every sector of the economy like area of national importance.

Gandhian Economic order is based on co-operation equality, human values self sufficient village, nationalisation of basic industries & theory of trusteeship.

• A socialistic economic system is characterised by social ownership and democratic control of means of production.
• Capitalist system: It is the system where means of production are owned by private individuals profit is main motive & there is no interference by the Govt in the economic activity.

Per capita income, also known as income per person, is the mean income of the people in an economic unit such as a country. Per capita income is often used to measure a country's standard of living.

Poverty Ratio: Ratio of number of people whose income falls below poverty sine, taken as half the medium house hold income of total population.

National Income: Total amount of money earned within a country.

Unemploye rate: It is defined most basically as the percentage of total labour force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.

The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution. The impact of the Green Revolution was felt most in the production of wheat. India saw annual wheat production rise from 10 million tons in the 1960s to 73 million in 2006.

Navratna was the title given originally to 9 Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) identified by the government in 1997 as public sector companies that have comparative advantages enjoying greater autonomy to compete in the global market so as to support in their drive to become global giants. However, the number of PSEs (Public Sector Enterprises) having Navaratna status is now more than 15 industries.

Foreign currency which has a tendency of quick migration is called hot currency.

Soft Currency: A currency with a value that fluctuates as a result of country's political or economic uncertainty.

'Digital Gold Currency: It is a form of electronic money based on mass unit of Gold.

Scarce Currency: A currency that is traded in a foreign exchange market and for which demand is persistently high relative to its supply.

Capital receipts and payments do not form part of current account of Balance of Payment.

• The Current Account captures the flow of goods, services, income, and transfers between a country and the rest of the world. It reflects how a nation is performing in its international trade and is composed of the following sub-components:
• Balance of Trade (BoT): This is the net difference between exports and imports of goods. A positive balance (more exports than imports) indicates a trade surplus, while a negative balance indicates a trade deficit.
• Net Services: It includes services like tourism, banking, transportation, IT services, and royalties earned or paid internationally.
• Net Primary Income (Factor Income): This represents earnings from foreign investments minus payments made to foreign investors.
• Net Current Transfers: These are unilateral transfers such as foreign aid, remittances, and gifts received or sent abroad.
• The Current Account balance is calculated as:
• Current Account = Trade Balance + Net Services + Net Income + Net Transfers
• A surplus in the current account indicates that a country is a net lender to the rest of the world, while a deficit indicates that it is a net borrower. Generally, the trade balance is the most influential component of the current account, significantly impacting whether the account records a surplus or deficit.

The S&P 500, or the Standard & Poor's 500, is a stock market index based on the market capitalizations of 500 large companies having common stock listed on the NYSE or NASDAQ.

• Stress and strain take different forms in different situations. Generally, for small deformations, the stress and strain are proportional to each other, and this is known as Hooke's Law.
• Hooke’s law states that the strain of the material is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of that material.
• When the elastic materials are stretched, the atoms and molecules deform until stress is applied, and when the stress is removed, they return to their initial state.

Noise pollution has emerged as a growing environmental concern in India as well as globally. It refers to the excessive and unwanted sound that disrupts normal life and causes harmful effects on human health, environment, and economy.

According to the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, noise above 55 decibels (dB) during the day and 45 dB at night is harmful to human health. In India, with rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and increasing traffic, noise pollution has become one of the most pressing urban environmental issues.
Noise Pollution in
India India is among the world’s most affected countries in terms of urban noise levels. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), under the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, sets permissible noise limits for different zones such as industrial, commercial, residential, and silence zones.

However, major Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bengaluru regularly exceed these limits. For example, the CPCB 2023 survey recorded average noise levels in Delhi ranging from 65-75 dB during the day, well above the permissible limit of 55 dB for residential areas.

In television broadcast, the video signal transmitter employs an AM transmitter as amplitude-modulation is used for video signals whereas audio signal transmitter employs FM modulator as frequency modulation is used for sound information.