Mock Test-5 (Paper-1) (Question 1-50)

Khizr Khan ibn Malik Sulaiman (reigned 1414-21) was the founder of the Sayyid dynasty, the ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, in northern India soon after the invasion of Timur and the fall of the Tughlaq dynasty. He was known to be an able administrator.

1. Tughlagabad Fort: This fort was built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty. Construction began around 1321 CE. The Tughlaqg dynasty was part of the Delhi Sultanate period.
2. Bada Gumbad in Lodhi Garden: Located in present-day Delhi, the Bada Gumbad (‘Great Dome') is part of a mosque complex. It was constructed in 1494 CE during the reign of Sikandar Lodi, who belonged to the Lodhi dynasty. The Lodhi dynasty was the last ruling family of the Delhi Sultanate.
3. Qutub Minar: The construction of the Qutub Minar was initiated by Qutb al-Din Aibak, the founder of the Mamluk dynasty (also known as the Slave dynasty) of the Delhi Sultanate, around 1192 CE. It was later completed by his successor, lltutmish, in the early 13th century.
4. Fatehpur Sikri: This city was founded and built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Construction of the imperial complex began in 1569 CE and continued for several years. The Mughal Empire succeeded the Delhi Sultanate in ruling large parts of India.

• According to Hasan Nizami's 13th century text Taj-ul-Maasir, Muhammad Ghori decided to attack the Gahadavala kingdom after seizing control of Ajmer, Delhi, and Kol. He dispatched a 50,000-strong army led by Qutb al-Din Aibak.
• This army defeated "the army of the enemies of the Religion." It appears that the defeated army was not Jayachandra's main army, but rather a smaller body of his frontier guards.
• Then it became clear to Jaya Chandra that Muhammad saw himself as a conqueror rather than a raider, and he was willing to fight Muhammad Ghori. When Ghori learned of Jaya Chandra's fight preparations, he returned to India. The Muslim army then advanced on Kanauj.
• In 1194 CE, Muhammad dispatched Qutb al Din Aibak to attack Jaya Chandra, and Jaya Chandra led a larger army against Qutb al-Din Aibak.
• According to contemporary Muslim accounts, Jayachandra was "the greatest king of India and possessed the most territory."
• According to these accounts, he was known as the Raja of Banaras (king of Varanasi). According to Kamil ut-Tawarikh, his army numbered a million soldiers and 700 elephants.
• According to Hindu accounts (such as Vidyapati's Purusha Pariksha and Prithviraj Raso), Jayachandra defeated the Ghurids several times.
• In contrast, contemporary Muslim accounts mention only two battles: one minor engagement and the Battle of Chandwar, in which Jayachandra was killed.

Bhakti saints preached the message of love and brotherhood through hymns. Their teachings were simple and very popular among masses as they preached in popular languages like Tamil, Kannada, Marathi, Hindi and Telgu.

• Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer who traveled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. Venice was an independent republic during his time, but it is located in present-day Italy.
• Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan explorer of Berber descent. He was born in Tangier, Morocco, in 1304. He is known for his extensive travels throughout the Islamic world and beyond.
• Afanasy Nikitin was a Russian merchant and one of the first Europeans to travel to and document his visit to India. He undertook his journey in the 15th century.
• Seydi Ali Reis was an Ottoman admiral and writer. The Ottoman Empire was centered in present-day Turkey, and he served under the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century.

Women participated quite actively in the Indian national movement. They participated in the boycott of foreign goods, picketing of liquor shops, non-payment of taxes and so on.

They also appeared in huge numbers in the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 and the civil disobedience movement of 1930. Some prominent women nationalists were Kalpana Dutt, Bhikaji Cama and Kamladevi Ghattopadhyaya.

Annie Besant, the founder of the Home Rule Movement, too was a prominent leader and advocated the emancipation of the women lot (Indian women).

The new Tory government in Britain constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan Go back Simon'. The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.

"A Muslim Raj here and a Hindu Raj elsewhere, if that is what Pakistan means, I will have nothing to do with it." Sikander Hayat Khan was opposed to the partition of India.

• The “Hindu Female School,” later known as Bethune School and now Bethune College, was a pioneering institution founded in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1849, dedicated to promoting women’s education and later became the first women’s college in Asia.
• It is the oldest women’s college in India. It was established as a girls’ school in 1849, and as a college in 1879.
• The college was founded as the Calcutta Female School in 1849 by John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune, with the support of social reformers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Raja Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, as the Secretary of the Hindu Female School, played a crucial role in the development and success of the school.

Roy was born into a Brahmin family and received a comprehensive education, mastering several languages including Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and English. His early exposure to diverse cultures and philosophies significantly influenced his reformist ideas.

Roy's tenure with the East India Company until 1814 exposed him to British oppression, fueling his commitment to social and religious reforms. His experiences abroad further strengthened his resolve to fight against injustices and paved the way for modern India.