NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2021/June, 2022 Geography

Statement I: The specific purpose of transportation is to fulfill a demand for mobility. Since transportation can only exist if it moves people, freight and information.
Statement II: Transportation is dominantly the outcome of a derived demand.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below

Movements of people, goods and information have always been fundamental components of human societies. Contemporary economic processes have been accompanied by a significant increase in mobility and accessibility.
Although this trend can be traced back to the industrial revolution, it significantly accelerated in the second half of the twentieth century as trade was liberalized, economic blocs emerged and the comparative advantages of global labour and resources were used more efficiently. Societies have become increasingly dependent on their transport systems to support a wide variety of activities ranging, among others, from commuting, supplying energy needs to distributing parts between manufacturing facilities and distribution centers. The unique purpose of transportation is to overcome space.
Which is shaped by a variety of human and physical constraints such as distance, time, administrative divisions and topography. Jointly, they confer a friction to any movement, commonly known as the friction of space. There would be no transportation without geography and there would be no geography without transportation.
The goal of transportation is thus to transform the geographical attributes of freight, people or information, from an origin to a destination, conferring on them an added value in the process. The convenience at which this can be done- transportability- varies considerably. Transportability refers to the ease of movement of passengers, freight or information.
It is related to transport costs as well as to the attributes of what is being transported (fragility, perishable, price). Political factors can also influence transportability such as laws, regulations, borders and tariffs.
The specific purpose of transportation is to fulfill a demand for mobility, since transportation can only exist if it moves people, freight and information around. Otherwise it has no purpose. This is because transportation is dominantly the outcome of a derived demand.
What is understood by the term 'friction of space'?

(A) Liberalized trade
(B) Emergence of Economic Blocs
(C) Low labour productivity
(D) Efficient use of resources
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) Commuting
(B) Supplying energy needs
(C) For manufacturing and distribution
(D) All of the above
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The Greek scholar Eratosthenes, who lives in the third century B.C. was the first to use the word geography. But humans were investigating geographic questions long before this. The Greek geographers credit the beginning of geographical writings to Homer, but the earliest known map was made by the Sumerians in about 2700 B.C. The study of geography goes back to beginnings of human scholarship.
The first amazing period of intellectual ferment that is part of the written tradition of the Western world took place in ancient Greece, culminating in the fourth and third centuries B.C. The Greeks developed the procedures we describe as the scientific method. Plato, who developed the deductive procedures, is the most often quoted the those who prefer to give theory the position of chief importance, Aristotle, who developed the inductive procedures, preferred to formulate his concepts as generalization of observed facts.
Aristotle insisted on the importance of direct observation, instead of making logical deductions from theory. Among the ancient Greek Philosophers, two basic traditions of geographic study are to found. One is the mathematical tradition, starting with Thales, including Hipparchus known for locating things and summarized by Ptolemy.
The second is the literary tradition, starting with Homer, including Hecataeus and summarized by Strabo. A long period of decline set in during the Middle Ages, when geographie horizons contracted and observations piled up in Christian monasteries. Then the Age of Exploration began in the late 15th century, and the geographic horizons were again pushed back.
The arrival of all these new innovations and observations in Europe was enormously stimulating and started a sequence of events that continues to the present. In the first place, the concepts derived from a literal reading of the scriptures were challenged, and the battle to establish the principles of what we call academic freedom began.
This is the right of professionally qualified scholars to seek answers to questions, to publish their findings, and to teach what they believe to be the truth, free from any controls except the standards of scholarly procedure established within their own professions.
The earliest investigation of geographic questions starts with: