UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication and Journalism, January-2025

A. The Times of India – IV. 1861:
Originally launched as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce in 1838, it was renamed The Times of India in 1861, making it one of the oldest English newspapers in India.

B. The Pioneer – I. 1866:
Founded in 1866, The Pioneer is an English-language newspaper that started in Allahabad. It has a long legacy in Indian journalism, especially during British rule.

C. The Tribune – II. 1880:
The Tribune was established in 1880 in Lahore (now in Pakistan) and is one of the most respected English newspapers in North India today.

D. The Statesman – III. 1875:
Founded in 1875, The Statesman is headquartered in Kolkata and was one of the most influential newspapers during colonial India.

So the correct matching is: A–IV, B–I, C–II, D–III — Which is Option 2.

C. “The Effects of Television” by J. Holloran – Published in 1970s (early)
Focused on media impact studies during the early years of television’s societal influence.

B. “No Sense of Place” by Joshua Meyrowitz – Published in 1985
Explores how electronic media has altered the social and psychological sense of physical location.

A. “The Second Media Age” by Mark Poster – Published in 1995
Introduces the idea of a post-broadcast era defined by interactivity and decentralization.

D. “The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media” by Jan van Dijk – First published in 1999
A sociological analysis of how digital networks shape modern societies.

E. “Media Rituals: A Critical Approach” by Nick Couldry – Published in 2003
Offers a critical view of media consumption as a set of social rituals.

Hence, correct order: C, B, A, D, E — Option 3.

• A false null hypothesis is accepted (i.e., we fail to reject it), even though the alternative hypothesis is actually true.
This contrasts with:
• Type I Error: Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
• Type II error is denoted by β (beta), while Type I is denoted by α (alpha).

Example:
If a medicine actually works, but the test fails to detect its effectiveness and we conclude it doesn’t work, it is a Type II Error.

Correct answer is: 2: Type II Error

• Resources are allocated in a way that maximizes consumer and producer surplus.
• This is achieved when the price (P) = Marginal Cost (MC).

Why?

• At this point, the value consumers place on a good (reflected in the price they’re willing to pay) is exactly equal to the cost of producing it.
• There is no deadweight loss, ensuring maximum social welfare.

Hence, correct answer is: 4: the price is set equal to the marginal cost.

• Lower f-number (like f/2) = wider aperture = shallow depth of field
• Higher f-number (like f/16) = narrow aperture = deeper depth of field

Arranged in ascending order:

B. f/2
A. f/5.6
C. f/8
E. f/11
D. f/16

So the correct order is: B, A, C, E, D → Option 4.

A. Define a topic of interest and develop a hypothesis:
The process begins with identifying a research topic and formulating a preliminary hypothesis.

E. Study a case to see whether the hypothesis works. If it doesn’t work, reformulate it:
A case is examined to test the hypothesis. If the hypothesis fails, it is modified.

B. Study other cases until the hypothesis is in refined form:
Additional cases are analyzed to refine the hypothesis further, ensuring it applies more generally.

C. Look for ‘negative cases’ that might disprove the hypothesis. Reformulate again:
Search for contradictory evidence or negative cases. If found, revise the hypothesis again.

D. Continue until the hypothesis is adequately tested:
The process continues iteratively until a robust, universally applicable explanation is developed.

Hence, the correct ascending order is: A, E, B, C, D.

• The first Chairman of the Press Council was Justice N. Rajagopala Iyengar.
• His full name includes both “Rajagopala” (A) and “Iyengar” (C), which makes Option 2: A and C Only the correct choice.
• Justice N. Rajagopala Iyengar had previously served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India and was chosen to lead the Press Council due to his reputation for fairness, independence, and legal integrity.

The Press Council was envisioned to serve as a watchdog of press freedom, ensuring ethical journalism while maintaining the autonomy of the press.

A. Two-Step Flow Theory – 1948:
Proposed by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz, this theory suggests that media effects are indirectly mediated through opinion leaders.

B. Four Theories of the Press – 1956:
Written by Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm, this book outlines four normative models of journalism: authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and Soviet.

D. Agenda-Setting Theory – 1972:
Proposed by McCombs and Shaw, this theory posits that the media doesn’t tell us what to think, but what to think about.

E. Spiral of Silence – 1974:
Developed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, this theory explains how perceived majority opinions can silence minority voices.

C. Elaboration Likelihood Model – 1980s (1986):
Introduced by Petty and Cacioppo, this model explains how people process persuasive information through either a central or peripheral route.

Therefore, the ascending order is: A, B, D, E, C → Option 4.

A. Arial – Sans-serif
B. Times New Roman – Serif
C. Helvetica – Sans-serif
D. Cambria – Serif
E. Bodoni – Serif

So the fonts that are not sans-serif are:

• Times New Roman (B)
• Cambria (D)
• Bodoni (E)

Hence, the correct answer is: 1: B, D and E Only.