UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication and Journalism, January-2025

• It was one of the earliest newspapers from the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, reflecting the growth of print media in northern India during the colonial era.
• The name Vrittanta Bitas itself reflects a focus on “news or narrative dissemination.”
• This period saw increasing use of newspapers to inform and engage the public, including regional publications in vernacular languages.
• Its emergence signifies the early spread of journalism to politically and geographically significant regions like Jammu.

A. Jingle – IV. Rhyming song:
A jingle is a short, catchy tune used in commercials, especially on radio and TV, with memorable, rhyming lyrics designed to reinforce brand identity.

B. Display ads – I. Bright and catchy:
Display advertisements appear prominently in print or digital media, often using bold visuals, graphics, and colour to attract attention.

C. Classified ads – II. Direct but Dull:
Classified ads are small, text-based advertisements categorized by type. They are typically straightforward, informational, and lack visual appeal.

D. Spot – III. Advertisement on Audiovisual Media:
A spot refers to a short commercial broadcast on TV or radio, usually 15 to 60 seconds long, promoting a product or service.

So, the correct match is: A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III → Option 1.

• He used Karmaveer as a platform to inspire nationalistic fervor during the freedom struggle.
• His journalism was deeply patriotic and reform-oriented, often critical of British colonial policies.
• Makhanlal Chaturvedi was also awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award and is regarded as a leading figure in Hindi literature and journalism.
• The Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism in Bhopal is named in his honour.

A. Satyajit Ray – III. Shatranj ke Khiladi:
Released in 1977, this historical drama directed by Satyajit Ray was based on a short story by Munshi Premchand, set during the British annexation of Awadh.

B. George Melies – I. Cinderella:
Georges Méliès, the French cinema pioneer, directed "Cinderella" (Cendrillon) in 1899, one of the earliest narrative films using special effects.

C. Kundan Shah – IV. Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron:
This 1983 cult satire directed by Kundan Shah is a dark comedy on politics, bureaucracy, and corruption in India.

D. Alfred Hitchcock – II. Blackmail:
Alfred Hitchcock’s "Blackmail" (1929) is one of the first British sound films and a landmark in early thriller cinema.

Correct matching is: A–III, B–I, C–IV, D–II → Option 4

• In 1835, he repealed the Bengal Press Regulations Act of 1823 and also abolished similar acts in Bombay.
• These were the Bombay Press Acts of 1825 (B) and 1827 (D).
• His liberal approach earned him the title of “Liberator of the Indian Press”.
• His actions laid the groundwork for a freer Indian press, allowing more critical journalism during colonial rule.

Hence, the correct acts repealed were: 1825 and 1827 → Option 4: B and D Only.

C. If some variables have a negative sum of correlations in the correlation matrix, reflect variables to get maximum sum of positive correlations for the whole matrix:
Begin with data preparation by ensuring that the correlation matrix emphasizes similarity. Variables may be reflected (sign-inverted) to enhance positive correlations.

D. Find out the highest correlation in the correlation matrix, the two variables involved form the nucleus of first cluster:
After preparing the matrix, identify the two most correlated variables which become the core (nucleus) of the first cluster.

B. Look for those variables that correlate with the said two variables and include them in the cluster:
Expand the cluster by adding more variables that correlate well with the nucleus.

E. To find the nucleus of the second cluster, find two variables that correlate highly but have low correlations with the first cluster:
Begin a new cluster by selecting variables that are closely related but distinctly separate from the first cluster.

A. Proceed on similar lines to search for a third cluster and so on:
Continue the clustering process iteratively for the remaining data.

Correct sequence: C, D, B, E, A → Option 4.

‘Public Opinion’ by Walter Lippmann – 1922:
A foundational text in media studies introducing ideas like “manufacture of consent.”

D. ‘Experiments in Mass Communication’ by Carl Hovland – 1949:
A psychological study of media effects conducted post-WWII.

A. ‘The Bias of Communication’ by Harold Innis – 1951:
Examined how different communication media influence civilization and culture.

E. ‘Personal Influence’ by Lazarsfeld and Katz – 1955:
Developed the Two-Step Flow Theory, highlighting the role of opinion leaders.

C. ‘Effects of Mass Communication’ by Joseph Klapper – 1960:
Proposed the reinforcement theory—media doesn’t change attitudes but reinforces existing ones.

Chronological order: B, D, A, E, C → Option 1.

A. Encyclopedia of Public Relations – III. Heath R.L. (Ed), 2013:
Edited by Robert L. Heath, this comprehensive work covers all aspects of public relations theory and practice.

B. Public Relations: A Value Driven Approach – IV. Guth, D.W. and Marsh, C. (2011):
Written by Doug Newsom, David Guth, and Alan Marsh, this textbook emphasizes ethical, value-based PR practices.

C. Crisis Communication: Theory and Practice – I. Zaremba, A.J. (2010):
A.J. Zaremba’s book focuses on communication strategies during crisis situations.

D. Media Relations: Issues and Strategies – II. Johnston, J. (2013):
Written by Jane Johnston, this book deals with managing relationships between media and organizations.

So the correct match is: A–III, B–IV, C–I, D–II → Option 2.

• Released in 1998, this experimental thriller became famous for its non-linear storytelling, fast-paced editing, and alternate reality structure.
• The film follows Lola, who has 20 minutes to save her boyfriend, and presents three different versions of her attempt, exploring fate, chance, and decision-making.
• It is often cited as a landmark of postmodern cinema.

Correct answer is: 1: Tom Tykwer.

A. Commentary – III. Republic Day parade:
Commentary is typically provided live during events, such as sports matches or national ceremonies like the Republic Day parade, offering background and context.

B. Discussion – I. Moderator:
In a discussion program, a moderator facilitates the conversation, ensuring all viewpoints are heard.

C. Announcements – IV. Inform listeners:
Announcements are brief informative messages about events, public service information, or schedule updates.

D. Radio Talk – II. Oldest Radio forms:
Radio talks are one-way communication formats, typically scripted speeches or informative lectures—among the earliest forms of radio programming.

Thus, correct match: A–III, B–I, C–IV, D–II → Option 2.