UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication and Journalism, January-2025

• Debord was a founding member of the Situationist International movement.
• In the book, he explores how mass media and consumer culture transform social relations into passive experiences, which he calls “spectacle.”
• The work critiques capitalist societies where images replace genuine human interaction.

Correct answer: 1: Guy Debord.

• In his treatise “Poetics”, Aristotle laid the foundation of dramatic structure, asserting that a complete narrative must have a beginning (setup), middle (confrontation), and end (resolution).
• This structure has been the base of classical and modern storytelling and screenwriting.
• It influenced generations of playwrights and writers, including modern scriptwriting theorists like Syd Field.

Correct answer: 1: Aristotle.

B. ‘Natyasastra’ by Bharat Muni – ca. 200 BCE to 200 CE:
The oldest and most foundational Sanskrit text on dramaturgy and performing arts.

A. ‘Kavyadarsa’ by Dandin – 6th to 7th century CE:
A key work on Sanskrit poetics.

D. ‘Dhvanyaloka’ by Anandavardhana – 9th century CE:
Introduced the concept of “Dhvani” (suggestion) in poetry.

C. ‘Locana’ by Abhinavagupta – 10th to 11th century CE:
A celebrated commentary on Dhvanyaloka.

E. ‘Rasa Gangadhar’ by Jagannatha – 17th century CE:
A major text on aesthetics and rasa theory in late classical Sanskrit literary tradition.

Correct chronological order: B, A, D, C, E → Option 1.

A. The White Balloon – IV. Iran:
Directed by Jafar Panahi, this 1995 Iranian film tells a simple, powerful story of a child trying to buy a goldfish.

B. Bicycle Thieves – III. Italy:
Directed by Vittorio De Sica, this 1948 neorealist classic portrays poverty and unemployment in post-war Italy.

C. Bed and Board – I. France:
A 1970 film by François Truffaut, part of the Antoine Doinel series, showcasing everyday French life.

D. Garam Hawa – II. India:
Directed by M.S. Sathyu, this 1973 Hindi film deals with the aftermath of Partition in India, focusing on a Muslim family.

Correct matching: A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II → Option 1.

A. Lopsided Distribution – III. Unplanned and haphazard distribution of products in the market:
This refers to a lack of uniformity in product availability across regions or outlets.

B. Product Line – IV. Group of closely related products sold by a company:
A product line refers to a collection of related products marketed under a single brand (e.g., toothpaste types).

C. Troika – I. A tripartite relationship between the company, leader and the customer:
This describes a three-party system commonly used in leadership or distribution models.

D. Principals – II. Manufacturing and marketing companies who appoint dealers to sell their products:
The principal is the main producer or company who delegates sales to agents or distributors.

Correct matching: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II → Option 2.

• The term Sādhāraṇīkaraṇa translates to “universalization”, referring to the process by which a spectator identifies with the emotions presented in art or performance.
• Bhatta Nayaka elaborated on how rasa is experienced by audiences through this psychological distance and identification.
• He expanded on Bharata’s Natya Shastra, making a significant contribution to dramatic theory, especially in explaining the communication between performer and audience in a theatrical context.

Correct answer: 1: Bhatta Nayaka.

D. Concept Development:
Begin with clearly defining the concept you want to measure (e.g., media literacy, audience engagement).

B. Specification of Concept Dimensions:
Break the concept down into measurable dimensions or components.

A. Selection of Indicators:
Choose specific indicators or variables that represent those dimensions.

C. Formation of Index:
Combine the indicators to form an index or scale for quantification and comparison.

E. Using the Index in a real situation:
Apply the index to real-world data collection or analysis.

Correct sequence: D, B, A, C, E → Option 2.

• Theoretical Saturation occurs when no new themes, categories, or insights emerge from additional data collection.
• This method is inductive and iterative, where data collection and analysis proceed simultaneously.
• The approach was introduced by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss and is commonly used in qualitative research to build theories from the ground up.

Correct answer: 3: Grounded Theory.

C. Pinhole Camera – Ancient (as early as 5th century BCE, concept by Mozi):
The most primitive form of photography, light enters through a small hole and projects an inverted image.

A. TLR (Twin Lens Reflex) Camera – 1880s onwards:
Widely used in the early to mid-20th century for studio and press photography.

B. SLR (Single Lens Reflex) Camera – Introduced commercially in the 1930s–50s:
Uses a mirror and prism system, allowing photographers to view directly through the lens.

E. DSLR (Digital SLR) Camera – Became mainstream in early 2000s:
Combines digital imaging with traditional SLR optics.

D. Mirrorless Camera – Gained prominence from 2008 onward:
Lacks the mirror system, resulting in lighter and more compact digital cameras.

Correct order: C, A, B, E, D → Option 3.

D. Gangs of Wasseypur – 2012:
Directed by Anurag Kashyap, this two-part crime saga redefined Indian gangster cinema.

A. Kaminey – 2009:
Directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, this stylized action-thriller featured Shahid Kapoor in dual roles.

E. Guru – 2007:
Directed by Mani Ratnam, inspired by the life of Dhirubhai Ambani, starring Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai.

C. Page 3 – 2005:
Directed by Madhur Bhandarkar, won the National Award for Best Feature Film and dealt with media glamour and hypocrisy.

B. Company – 2002:
Directed by Ram Gopal Varma, it explored the Mumbai underworld and is part of his gangster film legacy.

Correct order: D, A, E, C, B → Option 4.