UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication and Journalism, September-2024

D. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937): This was Walt Disney’s first full-length animated feature film, and also the world’s first full-length cell-animated feature.

A. Cinderella (1950): A classic animated film that marked Disney’s return to feature films after World War II.

B. The Mickey Mouse Club (1955): A popular American variety television show aimed at children, broadcast on ABC.

E. Mary Poppins (1964): A part-live-action, part-animated musical fantasy film, it won five Academy Awards.

C. The Jungle Book (1967): The last animated film produced by Walt Disney himself before his death in 1966.

This order reflects Disney’s expansion from early animation to integrated live-action features and television.

B. Simulacra and Simulation – Jean Baudrillard (1981): A postmodern philosophical text exploring reality, symbols, and society.

A. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity – Ulrich Beck (1986): A sociological work examining modern risk management and technological threats.

D. The Rise of the Network Society – Manuel Castells (1996): Volume 1 of “The Information Age” trilogy; focuses on how digital networks shape society.

C. Liquid Modernity – Zygmunt Bauman (2000): A work analyzing the shift from solid (structured) modernity to liquid (fluid, uncertain) modernity.

E. Making Sense of AI: Our Algorithmic World – Anthony Elliott (2022): A recent contribution exploring how AI reshapes identity, society, and behavior.

This sequence represents a timeline of influential sociological and cultural theory publications over four decades.

C. Define a topic of interest and develop a hypothesis: Research begins by identifying a subject and proposing an initial hypothesis.

B. Study a case to see whether the hypothesis works. If it doesn’t work, reformulate it: Early testing is done on a specific case to validate or refine the hypothesis.

A. Study other cases until the hypothesis is in refined form: The researcher expands the case study pool to see if the hypothesis consistently applies.

D. Look for ‘negative cases’ that might disprove the hypothesis. Reformulate again: Outliers or exceptions are analyzed to further sharpen the hypothesis.

E. Continue until the hypothesis is adequately tested: The process is repeated iteratively until a robust, generalizable conclusion is reached.

This method emphasizes progressive refinement through detailed case analysis and contradiction resolution.

D. YouTube: As of 2024, YouTube has the highest number of users sharing news, especially via video content, shorts, and community posts.

A. WhatsApp: A widely used private messaging platform where news links, videos, and forwards are frequently shared.

C. Facebook: Still a major news-sharing platform, though declining slightly among younger users.

B. Instagram: Growing as a visual news-sharing tool, especially through stories and reels, but still behind the top three.

E. Telegram: Used more for niche news channels and communities; has a smaller user base comparatively.

This order reflects both reach and engagement behaviour across platforms.

D. National Informatics Centre (NIC) – 1976: Set up to provide technology support to government services and develop ICT infrastructure.

E. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) – 1991: Created to boost software exports and support IT companies.

A. Computer Emergency Response Team – India (CERT-In) – 2004: Formed to respond to cybersecurity incidents and coordinate defense mechanisms.

C. Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) – 2009: Established to implement Aadhaar, the world’s largest biometric ID system.

B. MyGov – 2014: A citizen engagement platform to promote participatory governance through crowdsourcing ideas and feedback.

The sequence reflects India’s gradual move toward e-governance, cybersecurity, and digital public engagement.

B. Publications Division – 1941: It was set up under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to disseminate information about India’s heritage, culture, and official activities.

A. Films Division – 1948: Created to produce documentaries and newsreels, especially highlighting India’s development after independence.

D. Children’s Film Society of India (CFSI) – 1955: Founded by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to produce valuable entertainment for children.

C. Photo Division – 1959: Set up as a central photo agency of the Government of India to document national events and government programmes.

E. Directorate of Film Festivals – 1973: Established to organize national and international film festivals and promote Indian cinema globally.

E. Press and Registration of Books Act – 1867: One of the earliest press laws in colonial India, enacted to regulate printing presses and newspapers.

A. Cinematograph Act – 1952: Enacted to regulate film certification and exhibition in India; it forms the legal basis for the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC).

D. Press Council Act – 1978: Passed to reconstitute the Press Council of India for preserving the freedom of the press and maintaining its standards.

C. Prasar Bharati Act – 1990: Enabled the formation of Prasar Bharati, an autonomous broadcasting corporation managing Doordarshan and All India Radio.

B. Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act – 1995: Enacted to regulate the operation of cable television networks and to prohibit transmission of objectionable content.

B. News Item Display: The news content is first made visible to the public, whether via newspapers, TV, or digital platforms.

C. Actual Exposure: The audience comes into actual contact with the news, i.e., they read, watch, or listen to it.

E. Probability of Item Processing: Not all exposed news gets processed. Factors like relevance, interest, or cognitive readiness affect this stage.

D. Comprehension: The audience begins to understand and make sense of the information received.

A. Learning: The final outcome where the audience retains or applies the news content they have engaged with.

This model traces the cognitive and behavioural process involved in consuming and internalizing news.

C. Lasswell’s Model – 1948: Harold Lasswell introduced the famous formula – Who Says What in Which Channel to Whom with What Effect?

A. Shannon and Weaver’s Mathematical Model – 1949: A linear model developed for electronic communication systems, later adapted to human communication.

D. Osgood and Schramm’s Circular Model – 1954: Introduced the idea of sender and receiver roles being interchangeable, highlighting feedback.

B. Gerbner’s General Model – 1956: Focused on perception and message reception in mass communication.

E. Dance’s Helical Model – 1967: Frank Dance proposed a non-linear, spiral model showing communication as an evolving and continuous process.

D. The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man – 1951: McLuhan’s first major work analyzing popular culture and advertising in industrial society.

A. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man – 1962: Explores how print culture changed human consciousness and social organization.

C. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man – 1964: Introduced the famous concept “the medium is the message” and analyzed the effects of media technologies.

B. The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects – 1967: Co-authored with Quentin Fiore, this book used visual design and typography to reflect McLuhan’s theories.

E. War and Peace in the Global Village – 1968: Explores how new media reshapes human behaviour and identity, continuing his themes of media and society.