UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication and Journalism, September-2024

C. Right to Equality – Articles 14 to 18: It is the first group of Fundamental Rights and guarantees equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination, equality of opportunity, abolition of untouchability, and abolition of titles.

D. Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression – Article 19 (under Right to Freedom: Articles 19 to 22): Includes freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession.

B. Right Against Exploitation – Articles 23 to 24: Prohibits human trafficking, forced labour, and employment of children in hazardous jobs.

A. Right to Freedom of Religion – Articles 25 to 28: Provides religious freedom and allows individuals to practice, propagate, and manage religious affairs.

E. Right to Constitutional Remedies – Article 32: Described by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the heart and soul of the Constitution, this right enables citizens to approach the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

D. State Null Hypothesis (H₀) and Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): The process begins with forming testable statements.

A. Specify the level of significance (α): Generally, α = 0.05 or 5%, indicating the probability of rejecting H₀ when it is true.

B. Decide the correct sampling distribution: Based on sample size and variance, select the appropriate test (z, t, F, etc.).

E. Sample a random sample and work out a value from the sample data: Data collected and test statistics are computed.

C. Calculate the probability that H₀ is true (p-value): The result helps determine whether to accept or reject H₀, based on the significance level.

B. Establishing short-term and long-term objectives: Clearly define what the campaign is intended to achieve in measurable terms.

A. Developing a creative strategy: Decide on the central message, tone, and appeal that will be used in the campaign.

D. Creating message: Formulate the actual advertisement content—text, visuals, audio, etc.

C. Selecting appropriate media: Choose platforms (TV, print, digital, etc.) based on audience and budget.

E. Outlining a plan to measure the outcome: Set evaluation metrics to assess the effectiveness of the campaign post-launch.

C. ARPANET’s first public demonstration – 1972: ARPANET, the precursor to the internet, was publicly demonstrated at the International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) in Washington, D.C. It connected multiple institutions and showcased real-time communication.

E. Internet Protocol Suite standardized – 1983: On January 1, 1983, ARPANET officially switched to the TCP/IP protocol, establishing the technical foundation of the modern Internet.

D. World Wide Web (W3C) founded – 1994: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was formed by Tim Berners-Lee to develop web standards and ensure interoperability of web technologies.

B. Google started as a research project at Stanford University – 1996: Larry Page and Sergey Brin began working on a search engine called BackRub, which later became Google.

A. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) available – 1999: The late 1990s saw the commercial availability of VoIP services, enabling voice communication over the internet, marking a major shift in global telecommunication.

D. Wikipedia is launched – 2001: Co-founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, Wikipedia became the world’s largest free online encyclopaedia based on collaborative editing.

B. Facebook is launched – 2004: Initially created for Harvard students by Mark Zuckerberg, it quickly expanded to become one of the largest global social media platforms.

A. YouTube launched – 2005: Founded by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim, YouTube became the leading platform for sharing and viewing videos.

E. Twitter launched – 2006: Developed by Jack Dorsey and team, Twitter introduced a microblogging format that revolutionized real-time public communication.

C. iPhone publicly released – 2007: Apple Inc. launched the first iPhone, integrating phone, internet, and multimedia capabilities into a single device, initiating the modern smartphone era.

A. Resolution: Determines the level of detail a lens can resolve. High-resolution lenses capture more fine details and sharpness.

B. Contrast: A good lens preserves tonal differences between light and dark areas, enhancing image clarity and depth.

C. Distortion: Refers to optical flaws where straight lines appear curved (barrel or pincushion distortion), a critical factor in lens design and evaluation.

(D) Price and (E) Availability are external market factors and not intrinsic optical features of a lens.

Hence, only (A), (B) and (C) are actual features that determine lens quality and performance.

A. The size of an aperture: A larger aperture (e.g., f/2.8) creates a shallower DoF, while a smaller aperture (e.g., f/16) increases DoF.

B. The distance of the camera from the subject: The closer the camera is to the subject, the shallower the DoF; increasing distance deepens it.

C. The focal length of the lens: Longer focal lengths (e.g., 200 mm) tend to produce a shallower DoF compared to wider lenses (e.g., 24 mm).

(D) ISO and (E) Shutter speed do not influence DoF; they affect exposure and motion blur but not field depth.

Therefore, (A), (B) and (C) are the correct factors influencing DoF.

A. Light can be bent: This occurs during refraction or when light changes direction due to a medium change.

B. Light can be refracted: Light bends when it passes through materials of different densities, like from air into water or glass.

C. Light contains colours: White light is made up of various wavelengths/colours (as seen in a prism’s dispersion into a rainbow).

D. Light does not travel in straight line is incorrect — in homogeneous media, light travels in straight lines.

E. Light is not a form of energy is incorrect — light is electromagnetic energy.

Hence, only (A), (B), and (C) are scientifically correct.

A. The shutter controls the amount of light by the length of the time it remains open. Shutter speed determines exposure duration – longer times allow more light.

B. A fast shutter speed can freeze a motion: Useful in sports or wildlife photography to capture sharp images of fast-moving subjects.

C. The aperture doesn’t control the amount of light is incorrect — aperture size directly controls light entry.

D. The aperture doesn’t control Depth of Field is incorrect — aperture size is a major factor in determining DoF.

E. There is only one type of shutter is incorrect — there are two main types: focal-plane and leaf shutters.

Thus, only (A) and (B) are correct.

A. Balance: Refers to the visual equilibrium within a frame, crucial for composition.

B. Visual Tension: The deliberate use of imbalance or contrast to create drama or emotional impact.

C. Rhythm: The pacing and flow of visual elements or movement within a scene or shot sequence.

D. Shadow is an element of lighting, not a principle — it supports mood and contrast but isn't a foundational design concept.

E. Light as visual metaphor is a technique or symbolic tool, not a principle of design.

Hence, (A), (B) and (C) are core design principles used to construct cinematic visuals effectively.