UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism, June-2021

The privilege continues beyond the employment of the legal attorney. The privileged documents are confidential in nature. The privilege attached to them is accessed as a legal right.

In the coating of privilege, it is considered a negative right. No judicial discretion applies to this right. One cannot be forced by law to waive his privilege.

All the documents, which are not mandated by law in any way, may be eligible to be privileged. The party that wants to claim such privilege needs to submit an application for the same in the court. It has a limited scope.

The privilege applies to a limited number of documents of a certain nature. This means that privilege cannot apply to all documents related to the case. It needs to be applied in accordance with the codified law existing (Indian Evidence Act, 1872).

Sadgati (The Deliverance) is a 1981 Hindi film, primarily made for TV, by Satyajit Ray, based on a short story of same name by Munshi Premchand.

The film is a vicious indictment of the Indian caste system; when a poor and out-caste, village shoemaker, Dukhi (Om Puri), goes to village Brahmin (Hindu priest) (Mohan Agashe) to get the date of his daughter’s marriage fixed,

the Brahmin in turn asks for labour without pay in exchange, the ensuing events however turn the table against the priest, who in the end has to fore-go all the lofty tradition, including that of untouchability, he held so dearly, all his life, in his life as village priest.

Directed by: Satyajit Ray
Written by: Amrit Rai, Satyajit Ray (Dialogue)
Screenplay by: Satyajit Ray
Story by: Munshi Premchand
Based on: Short story Sadgati by Premchand

A contempt of the Parliament House can be defined as any act that:

• Causes an obstruction in the conduct of proceedings of the House.
• Causes an obstruction in the performance of functions by any officer or member of the House.
• Any other act that directly or indirectly has such an effect.

Proceedings against contempt are very important because the nation cannot function properly if the Parliament or its members/officers are unable to perform their duties in an efficient manner.

Inquiry into proceedings of the Parliament

Under Article 122 of the Constitution, a restriction is placed on the powers of the judiciary to inquire into the proceedings of the Parliament. The restrictions are as follows:

• Inquiry into the validity of the proceedings of the Parliament on the ground of irregularity in the conduct of the proceedings, i.e., the procedure of the Parliamentary proceedings.
• Inquiry into the person or officer authorised to regulate the conduct of business and procedure of the Parliamentary proceedings can.

Publication of the Parliamentary Proceedings

Article 361A of the Constitution states that any person can publish the proceedings of the Parliament subject to such publication being a true report of the proceedings made without any malice.

However, publication of any secret proceedings of the Parliament or any State Legislature is prohibited.

Lavine and Wackman (1988) identified five characteristics that differentiate media industries from other types of businesses. These include:

• The perishable commodity of the media product,
• The highly creative employees,
• The organizational structure,
• The societal role of the media (e.g., awareness, influence) and
• The blurring of lines separating traditional media.

and then, in contrast to traditional newspaper journalism, a descriptive eye, in which a subject's clothing, manners, eating, and living room are as important for the writer to document as the subject's words.

"The basic reporting unit is no longer the datum, the piece of information, but the scene, since most of the sophisticated strategies of prose depend upon scenes," he wrote. He called the process Saturation Reporting:

"Often you feel as if you've put your whole central nervous system on red alert and turned it into a receiving set with your head panning the molten tableau like a radar dish, with you saying, 'Come in, world,' since you only want all of it"

The result was that the online reader first looks at the texts and briefs. The third study took place in 2003. This study showed that the first three words of a headline are crucial. Small text encourages reading, large text encourages scanning.

The 2007 study compared online reading to print reading. If the online story is interesting to the reader they will read it, not just skim. Both types of readers may not read the entire story but online readers tend to read more of the story.

The results changed the world. The French New Wave was roughly between 1958 and 1964, with scattered titles adding to this movement until around 1973. Some Great French New Wave films:

• The 400 Blows (1959)
• Hiroshima mon amour (1959)
• Breathless (1960)
• Les Bonnes femmes (1960)
• Shoot the Pianist (1960)
• Lola (1961)
• Adieu Philippine (1962)
• Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962)
• The Fire Within (1963)
• Le Mépris (1963)
• The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964)
• Claire’s Knee (1970)
• Céline and Julie Go Boating (1974)