UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism, June-2021

Total Questions: 100

81. Select the correct sequence of the following statutes in India.

(a) The Official Secrets Act.
(b) The Indian Penal Code.
(c) The Working Journalist's Act.
(d) The Press and Registration of Books Act.
(e) The Right to Information Act.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (b), (d), (a), (c), (e)
Solution:
TypeYear
Pass-on readership1706
Penny Press1833
New/Yellow Journalism1890
Jazz Journalism1919
Corporate Journalism2000

82. Choose the correct sequence of the following trends in American Journalism:

(a) Pass-on readership
(b) Penny Press
(c) New/Yellow Journalism
(d) Jazz Journalism
(e) Corporate Journalism

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (b), (c), (d), (e), (a)
Solution:
TypeYear
Pass-on readership1706
Penny Press1833
New/Yellow Journalism1890
Jazz Journalism1919
Corporate Journalism2000

83. The different stages of Internet development in sequence are:

(a) Data transfer system in packages.
(b) Appearance of MP3 format.
(c) Creation of first local network.
(d) Creation of search engine.
(e) Development of hypertext documents (WWW).

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (a), (c), (e), (d), (b)
Solution:
EventYear
Data transfer system in packages1961
Appearance of MP3 format1993
Creation of first local network1963
Development of hypertext documents1969

84. Which common order is to be followed in a news story according to Carole Rich?

(a) Lead
(b) Lead Quote
(c) Comments
(d) Nut graph
(e) Impact

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (d), (b), (e), (c)
Solution:According to Carole Rich, a common order for a news story might look like this:

• Lead
• Nut graph (if a feature lead is used)
• Lead quote or compelling sound bite (if one is available)
• Supporting facts or impact
• More quotes and comments (or sound bites) from sources
• Additional information, facts or comments from sources
• Ending

85. The correct sequence of basic steps in focus group research is:

(a) Prepare the study mechanics
(b) Determine the number of groups needed
(c) Select a sample
(d) Define the problem
(e) Execute the research plan

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. (d), (c), (b), (a), (e)
Solution:Steps in Focus Group Research

Step 1: Define the Purpose
• Clarify the purpose of the focus group.
• Define the expected outcomes.
• Verify that focus groups are the best way to gauge employee perceptions.

Step 2: Select the Participants and Leader
• Select participants based on who will be most impacted by the change.
• Select no less than four people but no more than 12 people. The ideal group size is 6-8 per focus group.
• Invite participants with a positive message and inform them of the benefits of participating.
• Select a focus group leader who is outside of the organization, so employees aren’t fearful of backlash.

Step 3: Manage the Atmospherics
• Select a meeting location appropriate for discussion to avoid outside interruptions.
• Develop and produce the required materials for the meeting, including training pamphlets, project one-pager, etc.
• Assign a note taker for the focus group.

Step 4: Develop the Questions
• Determine the number of questions necessary to fill the duration of the meeting.
• Develop deep-dive questions focused on the why, how and what.
• Ensure the questions are open-ended and do not lead participants to certain answers.
• Design a session agenda.

Step 5: Conduct the Session
• Clearly state the scope, purpose and desired outcome of the focus group.
• Emphasize that anonymity will be paramount when sharing results with executives.
• Focus the discussion on the key topics.
• Utilize the deep-dive questions to probe into pain points.
• Listen for comments that are vague and seek clarification.

Step 6: Analyze the Results
• Review the minutes and reach a consensus on the top priorities.
• Identify patterns in responses and general themes.
• Identify reasons for disagreement and agreement.
• Develop a summary report of the key findings to share with executive.

86. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The classical functions of media represent their universal acceptance among media theorists.
Reasons (R): The functional analysis theory of media has its dysfunctions listed by critics.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (A) is false, but (R) is true
Solution:The classical functions of media does not represent their universal acceptance among media theorists.

87. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Traditional developmental approaches of 'understanding reality' is а violation of the very idea of communication.
Reason (R): A criticism is that the notion of mass communication itself is oxymoron leading to information oligarchy.

In the, light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. Both Statement (A) and Statement (R) are correct
Solution:Development communication refers to the use of communication to facilitate social development.

Development communi-cation engages stakeholders and policy makers, establishes conducive environments, assesses risks and opportunities and promotes information exchange to create positive social change via sustainable development.

Development communication techniques include information dissemination and education, behaviour change, social marketing, social mobilization, media advocacy, communication for social change, and community participation.

88. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The television news presentation is a disjointed narrative.
Reasons (R): In the absence of alternative credible information, the media frames do matter for the audience.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)

89. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The law of copyright is also applied to advertisements in media.
Reasons (R): The copyright in the advertising matter belongs to the advertiser, in the absence of any contract otherwise.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Solution:Copyright law protects the expression of an idea, not the idea itself. This means that, in principle, protection is only extended to the form in which an idea is expressed (e.g. the particular writing of instructions in a computer programme), but not to the concepts, methods and ideas that are expressed.

Unfortunately, unethical ways of advertising are fast growing sometimes resulting in great economic loss to those who put in genuine effort and skill.

The copyright law is thus of tremendous relevance not only to the advertisers and advertising agencies but to the creative persons such as visualizers, art directors, copy script and slogan writers, performers and so on, who are engaged in creating valuable advertising property.

To be protected under the Act advertisements like all other creative work must satisfy the following four conditions:

• Original—it must not be copied from another.
• The work must not have been common place that is, in the public domain.
• The work must be a form expression and not a mere idea—there is no copyright in ideas.
• The work must involve labour, skill and capital.

As per section 13 of the copyright act, 1957 copyright subsists in certain classes of work. They are

• Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works;
• Cinematographic films and
• Sound recording.

An advertisement has various components involving literary, artistic, dramatic, musical skills each of which may be protected under the classes of work mentioned in section 13 of the Copyright Act, 1957.

90. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): More media means more accessibility as well as increase in economic concentration in media, besides knowledge gap between rich and poor.
Reasons (R): The conventional mass media like newspapers, radio and television along with electronic and digital options are responsible for expanded reach and options for the consumers.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Solution:In addition to the knowledge gap between rich and poor, more media means more accessibility as well as a rise in economic concentration in the media.

Consumers benefit from the expanded reach and possibilities provided by traditional mass media such as newspapers, radio, and television, as well as electronic and digital options.