UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,June-2019*

Total Questions: 100

51. Which term is used to describe the cognitive structures built up by people as hey interact with the environment in order to organise their experience?

Correct Answer: A. Schemas
Solution:A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information.

Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.

However, these mental frameworks also cause us to exclude pertinent information to focus instead only on things that confirm our pre-existing beliefs and ideas.

Schemas can contribute to stereotypes and make it difficult to retain new information that does not conform to our established ideas about the world.

The use of schemas as a basic concept was first used by a British psychologist named Frederic Bartlett as part of his learning theory. Bartlett’s theory suggested that our understanding of the world is formed by a network of abstract mental structures.

In Piaget’s theory, a schema is both the category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge.

He believed that people are constantly adapting to the environment as they take in new information and learn new things. As experiences happen and new information is presented, new schemas are developed and old schemas are changed and modified.

52. Match List-I with List-II:

List-I (e-Governance initiatives)List-II (Functions)
(a) NDLM(i) Unified payment interface app
(b) E-TAAL(ii) IT training aiming BPL citizens
(c) BHIM(iii) Real time status on delivering electronic services
(d) E-Sampark(iv) Mass communication via mail and mobile

Choose the correct option from the following:

(a)(b)(c)(d)
A.(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)
B.(ii)(iii)(i)(iv)
C.(iii)(iv)(ii)(i)
D.(iv)(i)(iii)(ii)
Correct Answer: B.

53. The first full-fledged newspaper editor among the following to become the Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting was:

Correct Answer: D. R.R. Diwakar
Solution:Ranganath Ramchandra Diwakar (1894 - 1990) was the first full-fledged newspaper editor to become the Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting.

Diwakar was a member of the Indian National Congress and served as the President of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC) from 1930 to 1942.

He became a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and the Provisional Parliament. He was the Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting from 1949 to 1952.

Diwakar was elected as member of the Rajya Sabha from Bombay State on 3 April 1952 but resigned on 13 June 1952, within a few months when was appointed the Governor of Bihar.

He served as Governor till 1957. In 1962 he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha where he served till 1968. At his death, he was the last surviving member of the first Nehru cabinet.

Diwakar has been described as a "Gandhian" and "more committed to Gandhian ideas than Gandhi himself". He was also the author of a number of books in English, Kannada and Hindi.

54. Which research technique is used for the objective, systematic and quantitative description of the manifest content in media messages?

Correct Answer: C. Content analysis
Solution:Content analysis is a method for summarizing any form of content by counting various aspects of the content. This enables a more objective evaluation than comparing content based on the impressions of a listener.

For example, an impressionistic summary of a TV program, is not content analysis. Nor is a book review: it’s an evaluation.

Content analysis, though it often analyses written words, is a quantitative method. The results of content analysis are numbers and percentages.

After doing content analysis, you might make a statement such as “27% of programs on Radio Lukole in April 2003 mentioned at least one aspect of peace-building, compared with only 3% of the programs in 2001.”

Though it may seem crude and simplistic to make such statements, the counting serves two purposes:
• to remove much of the subjectivity from summaries
• to simplify the detection of trends.

Also, the fact that programs have been counted implies that somebody has listened to every program on the station: content analysis is always thorough.

55. What was the mandate of the B.G. Verghese Committee in 1977?

Correct Answer: A. To look into the issue of autonomy of Doordarshan and All India Radio
Solution:The Janta Government had appointed a Working Group on the autonomy of the Akashwani and Doordarshan in August 1977. The chairman of this committee was B.G. Verghese. The committee submitted its report on February 24, 1978.

This committee’s main recommendation was “formation of Akash Bharti or the ‘National Broadcasting Trust’, both for the AIR and the Doordarshan.

The committee noted that the people want an independent corporation because, the executive, abetted by a captive parliament, shamelessly misused the Broadcasting during emergency and this must be prevented for all times.

Such was the bold recommendation of this committee, which wanted substantial “Constitutional Safeguards” for the recommended body. But these recommendations could not find favour of even Janta rulers.

The minister (LK Advani) commented: “The committee has recommended the creation of an independent, constitutional entity, parallel to the Judiciary on which the legislature has no control. No we cannot accept it”.

56. Films which are made to counter stereotyping are called:

Correct Answer: D. revenge films

57. The financial health of Indian news agencies is affected because of:

Correct Answer: D. emergence of news portals

58. According to Robert Entman, the correct sequence of purposes of framing is:

Correct Answer: D. make moral judgements, define problems, diagnose causes, suggest remedies

59. Using multiple sources of data to examine assertion in research is called:

Correct Answer: B. data triangulation
Solution:Using multiple sources of data and research methods to understand phenomena yields many benefits, explained panel moderator Mark Liberman, University of Pennsylvania.

Considering data and findings from multiple sources is valuable, he argued, because doing so serves as a safeguard against being misled by nonrepresentative samples and unreliable research methods.

When the goal is to diagnose a problem or predict a future event, he added, using multiple sources of information and multiple methods also leads to more accurate results and conclusions.

“As the methods of acquiring data, storing data, and processing data become easier and cheaper,” he said, “triangulation becomes a much more efficient thing to do as well as an intellectually better thing to do.”

Presentations in this panel provided examples of challenges encountered in triangulating sources and methods in social and behavioural science research.

60. Which type of organisational culture prefers to look outside its organisation. to stay updated?

Correct Answer: D. Person culture
Solution:The four types of organisational culture popularised by Charles Handy and Harrison are as follows:
• Power Culture
• Role Culture
• Task Culture
• Person/Support Culture

Person culture is an unusual culture. It is not found in many organisations, yet many people espouse some of its values. This type of culture is illustrated by a loose cluster or a constellation of stars.

In this culture, the individual is the focal point; if there is a structure or an organisation, it exists only to serve and assist the individuals within it, to further their own interests without any overriding objective.