UGC NET/JRF EXAM, Mass Communication & Journalism,June-2019*

Simply put, ‘in-camera’ proceeding is a proceeding carried out in private, in the absence of the public and the press. Essentially the proceedings are conducted through video conferencing to safeguard the privacy and protection of the accused.

The public and the media are excluded from such proceedings for the purposes of sensitivity. In-camera proceeding is an exception to the rule of an open court.

An open court or open justice is when a case is heard in the presence of the people and the press, who would report the cases to the public. Thus court course a proceeding is an open court. In-camera proceedings are done rarely, in exceptional cases when the court deems fit.

Section 327 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 has laid down the kinds of cases that should be recorded on camera, including rape, case of intercourse with wife during separation, rape that could lead the victim to be in a vegetative state, gang rapes and men in authority like a public servant committing rape.

In-camera proceeding is usually conducted in cases of matrimonial disputes including judicial separation, divorce proceedings, impotency and more such cases.

Recently in October, 2017 while hearing a transfer petition, the CJI bench ruled that matrimonial disputes may have to be conducted in camera.

The court opined that the decision to conduct in-camera proceedings should be left to the family courts. Not drawing a hard and fast rule, the court further said that reasons to conduct an in-camera proceeding can depend on case-to-case analysis.

On the other hand, open court allows the public to inspect the case and make an opinion. This system functions on the principles of natural justice i.e. right to hearing and right against bias and only when there is access to the court proceedings, will laws be amended to suit the structure of the current society.

Berne took inspiration from Sigmund Freud's theories of personality, combining them with his own observations of human interaction in order to develop transactional analysis.

In therapy, transactional analysis can be used to address one's interactions and communications with the purpose of establishing and reinforcing the idea that each individual is valuable and has the capacity for positive change and personal growth.

Dr. Eric Berne developed transactional analysis in the last 1950s, using "transaction" to describe the fundamental unit of social intercourse, with "transactional analysis" being the study of social interactions between individuals.

His influences included contemporaries such as René Spitz, Erik Erikson, Paul Federn, Edoardo Weiss, as well as Freud and Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon.

Inspired by Freud's theory of personality primarily his belief that the human psyche is multifaceted and that different components interact to produce a variety of emotions, attitudes and complex behaviours-and Penfield's

ground breaking experiments involving the stimulation of specific brain regions with electrical currents, Berne developed an approach that he described as both neo- and extra-Freudian.

Discerning the need to build upon the philosophical concepts Freud introduced with observable data, Berne developed his own observable ego states of Parent, Adult, and Child, following Freud's proposal of the existence of the Id (emotional and irrational component),

Ego (rational component), and Superego (moral component) as different and unobservable factions of personality. Berne also took special note of the complexities of human communication.

He highlighted the fact that facial expressions, gestures, body language, and tone may be regarded as more important by the receiver than any spoken words. In his book Games People Play, he noted that people may sometimes communicate messages underpinned with ulterior motives.

The growth of blogs and social media has added additional complexity to this task. In addition to the traditional media, organizations are also interested in what the general public is saying about them.

Accordingly, practitioners have developed a new technique to monitor blogs and social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Message analytics is a group of detailed descriptive content analysis statistics that examine online message, volume, tone, and engagement.

At their basic level, message analytics track mentions across social media, blogs and online news sources. In addition, sophisticated computer programs can also determine the tone of the content and track that sentiment over time.

The backlight is positioned behind the focal point and creates a rim of light subtly or sharply outlining the intended subject.

The highlighted outline is what enhances the separation between the background and foreground. The backlight should be positioned back three-quarters either on the left or right of the subject.

Note the position of your backlight and play around with it. Is the light above or below the eyeline? This can affect the mood and overall look of the image. The treatment of your rim light can vary in orientation, colour, and intensity.

The pre-test/post-test method takes measurements before and after the campaign, and tracking studies assess the impact of the campaign by measuring effects at several times during the progress of the campaign.

The major advantage of a tracking study is that it provides important feedback to the advertiser while the campaign is still in progress.

As you will see later in this module, individuals who are deprived of the experience of binocular vision during critical periods of development have trouble perceiving depth (Fawcett, Wang, & Birch, 2005).

The shared experiences of people within a given cultural context can have pronounced effects on perception.

For example, Marshall Segall, Donald Campbell, and Melville Herskovits (1963) published the results of a multinational study in which they demonstrated that individuals from Western cultures were more prone to experience certain types of visual illusions than individuals from non-Western cultures, and vice versa.

One such illusion that Westerners were more likely to experience was the Müller-Lyer illusion: The lines appear to be different lengths, but they are actually the same length.

These perceptual differences were consistent with differences in the types of environmental features experienced on a regular basis by people in a given cultural context.

People in Western cultures, for example, have a perceptual context of buildings with straight lines, what Segall's study called a carpentered world (Segall et al., 1966).

In contrast, people from certain non-Western cultures with an uncarpentered view, such as the Zulu of South Africa, whose villages are made up of round huts arranged in circles, are less susceptible to this illusion (Segall et al., 1999).

It is not just vision that is affected by cultural factors. Indeed, research has demonstrated that the ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies crossculturally (Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson, 1998).

Sainik Samachar traces its descendants from the magazine Fauji Akhbar that started its publication on 2 January 1909. The first issue was published in Urdu and Roman Urdu.

It was published from Allahabad. It was felt that a journal for the Armed Forces must be published for the Defence Services and among the British Raj officials as well.