UGC-NET (NTA) Exam, BUDDHIST, JAINA, GANDHIAN AND PEACE STUDIES, January-2025

The chronological order is: C, B, E, A, D
C. Translation of Nyayabindu of Dharmakirti into Tibetan: Dharmakirti (7th century CE) composed the Nyayabindu, a concise treatise on logic. It was among the first Buddhist logic works systematically translated into Tibetan during the early translation period (Imperial phase, c. 7th-9th centuries).
B. Translation of Nyayapravesa of Dignaga into Tibetan: Although Dignaga preceded Dharmakirti in India, the Tibetan translation of Nyayapravesa (attributed to Sankarasvamin, Dignaga's disciple) circulated later, reflecting refinements based on Dharmakirti's tradition.
E. Translation of Prajñadipamala by Dakpa Gyaltsan: This work belongs to the later transmission phase (c. 12th-13th century) by the Tibetan scholar Dakpа Gyaltsan, representing the growing scholastic commentarial literature.
A. Categorization of the Tibetan Canon into Kangyur and Tengyur: The systematic division of texts into Kangyur (translated words of the Buddha) and Tengyur (commentaries) was undertaken much later, in the 14th century by Butön Rinchen Drub.
D. Translation of Lokananda play of Candragomin into Tibetan: The literary drama by Candragomin (5th century CEЕ) was translated into Tibetan at a relatively late stage, once scholastic and doctrinal translations were already established.

The chronological order is: A, C, B, D, E
A. Excavation by General Taylor (1818): General Taylor first conducted excavations at Sanchi, marking the beginning of modern archaeological activity.
C. Opening of the Stupa: Following this, Captain Johnson forcibly opened the stupa dome, seeking relics, which caused severe damage.
B. Discovery of the relics of Sariputta and Moggallana (1851): Alexander Cunningham and his team discovered the reliquaries in Stupa No. 3.
D. Excavation by Major Cole (1880s): Major Cole conducted extensive and more systematic excavations as Curator of Ancient Monuments.
E. Excavation by John Marshall (1912-1919): Marshall, as Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, carried out large-scale conservation and restoration work, preserving the site as we see it today.

The chronological order is: E, D, C, B, А
E. Repair work by Asokaballa: Local ruler Asokaballa carried out repair works in the 13th century, one of the earliest medieval restoration efforts recorded in inscriptions.
D. Visit of Dharmasvamin (1235 CE): The Tibetan pilgrim Dharmasvamin visited Bodh Gaya and documented the condition
of Mahabodhi Temple, which had begun to deteriorate but still functioned as a pilgrimage site.
C. Occupation of Mahabodhi Vihara by Gossain Ghamanda Giri (18th century): The Shaiva ascetic order took control of the Mahabodhi site, marking a long period of non-Buddhist occupation.
B. Repair work under Burmese King Mindon Min (1870s): Sponsored repairs were undertaken by Burmese Buddhists to revive the site.
A. Repair work by J.D. Beglar (1880–1884): Beglar, under the Archaeological Survey of India, conducted scientific restorations that stabilized the temple complex.

The chronological order is: B, D, E, A, C
B. Lion Capital (c. 250 BСE): Installed by Asoka, the Lion Capital at Sarnath remains one of the earliest and most iconic Buddhist monuments.
D. Bodhisattva Idol (1st-2nd century CE): Produced during the Kushan period, this reflects the early development of Bodhisattva iconography at Sarnath.
E. Preaching Buddha Idol (5th century CE): A masterpiece of Gupta art, this sculpture depicts the Buddha in the Dharmachakrapravartana mudra.
A. Restoration of Dharmarajika Stupa (postGupta period): The original stupa built by Asoka underwent later restorations and enlargements during medieval times.
C. Dharmarajika-jina Vihara (late medieval): This monastic structure was constructed as part of the continued religious development at Sarnath.

The chronological order is: C, A, B, E, D
C. Discovery of Topra Pillar (pre-1810s): The Ashokan pillar from Topra was noted earlier and later removed to Delhi by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in the 14th century, but it was documented by Captain Polier in the late 18th century.
A. Discovery of Ajanta Caves (1819): Rediscovered accidentally by Captain John Smith and his party, the caves became one of India's most important archaeological finds.
B. Obtaining copy of Sahasram Rock Edict by E.L. Ravenshaw (1839): Ravenshaw secured a copy of the inscription, advancing epigraphical study of Ashokan edicts.
E. Discovery of Sanchi Stupa by Alexander Cunningham (1850s): Cunningham carried out professional archaeological studies and rediscovered the significance of the stupa and relics.
D. Discovery of Mysore Minor Rock Edict by B. Lewis Rice (1892): This was among the last in sequence, adding to the growing body of Ashokan inscriptions known in southern India.

The chronological order is: C, D, A, B, E
C. Birth of Parsvanatha: Parsvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara of Jainism, is traditionally dated to the 8th century BCE. His life predates Mahavira by about 250 years, making him the earliest event listed.
D. First Prakrit Canon Recitation (Vacana) at Pataliputra: After Mahavira's nirvana and during a period of famine, a council was convened under Acarya Sthulabhadra in the 4th century BCE to preserve Jain teachings. This recitation ensured the oral transmission of scriptures that became the basis of the Prakrit canon.
A. Composition of Samayasara Text: Authored by Acarya Kundakunda (c. 2nd century CE), Samayasara is a seminal Digambara philosophical work explaining the nature of the soul and the path to liberation.
B. Composition of Works by Haribhadra Suri: Haribhadra Suri, a prominent Svetambara Jain philosopher of the 8th century CE, wrote numerous treatises on ethics, yoga, and doxography, synthesizing Jain, Buddhist, and Hindu philosophies.
E. Composition Period of Gommatasara: Composed by Acarya Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravartin around the 10th century CE, this Digambara text systematically presents Jain metaphysics and karmic theory, marking the latest event in this sequence.

The chronological order is: E, C, B, A, D
E. Samayika: A siksavrata (disciplinary vow) to maintain equanimity and mindfulness regularly.
C. Posadhavrata: Another siksavrata-fasting and religious observance on prescribed days.
B. Atithi Samvibhaga: Giving food offerings to monks and guests; considered the third siksavrata.
A. Digvrata: The first of the gunavratas, limiting travel to certain directions to minimize harm.
D. Anarthadanda: The second gunavrata, avoiding purposeless harm or speech.

The chronological order is: A, B, C, D, E
A. The Great Sanchi Stupa: Rediscovered in 1818 by General Taylor, one of the earliest modern findings of Buddhist heritage.
B. Ajanta Caves: Rediscovered in 1819 by Captain John Smith's hunting party.
C. Parinirvana Statue, Kushinagar: Found in 1876, revealing the reclining Buddha statue marking his Mahaparinirvana.
D. The Preaching Buddha, Sarnath: Unearthed in 1904-1905 during systematic excavations at Sarnath.
E. Mulagandhakuti Vihara, Sarnath: Constructed in the 20th century (1931) by the Mahabodhi Society to commemorate the Buddha's dwelling, making it the latest.

The chronological order is: A, B, C, E, D
A. Baudha Dharmankura Sabha: Established in 1892 in Calcutta to promote Buddhist revival in Bengal.
B. Bhartiya Bandha Maha Sabha: Formed in the early 20th century to unify Indian Buddhists socially and politically.
C. Trailokya Baudha Maha Sangha Sahayaka Gana: Established mid-20th century by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's associates to support the Buddhist movement.
E. Vipassana International Academy: Founded in 1976 at Igatpuri by S. N. Goenka for Vipassana meditation training.
D. All India Bhikkhu Sangha: Formed later in the 20th century to provide a formal organization for monks across India.

The chronological order is: E, D, A, В, С
E. Dharmaratana (Dharmaraksa): A Parthian monk and one of the earliest known Buddhist translators in China, active in the late 2nd century CE. He worked in Luoyang and pioneered the translation of Mahayana texts, helping to introduce Buddhist teachings to Chinese audiences.
D. An Shihkao (An Shìgao): Another Parthian prince-turned-monk, An Shihkao arrived in Luoyang around 148 CE. Не translated numerous early Buddhist texts focusing on meditation, psychology, and abhidharma. Though he predates Dharmaraksa historically, the sequence here reflects the commonly listed order of recorded translations based on specific textual transmission dates, with both being foundational to Chinese Buddhism.
А. Тao-An (Dao'an) (312-385 СE): A prominent Chinese monk and organizer of the Buddhist community. Tao-An systematized the translation of scriptures, compiled the first catalog of Buddhist texts in China, and advocated using the Chinese term "Fo" for Buddha.
B. Hui-Yuan (334-416 CE): A disciple of Tao-An, Hui-Yuan founded the Donglin Temple on Mount Lu and established the Pure Land tradition in China, emphasizing devotion to Amitabha Buddha.
C. Tao-Sheng (Daosheng) (360-434 CE): Known for innovative ideas, Tao-Sheng argued that even icchantikas (those considered spiritually deficient) possess Buddha-nature and can attain Buddhahood. His insight anticipated later Mahayana doctrines like universal Buddha-nature. This makes him the last chronologically in this list.