UGC-NET (NTA) Exam, BUDDHIST, JAINA, GANDHIAN AND PEACE STUDIES, June - 2025

Total Questions: 100

71. Identify the correct statement in regard to Gandhi's ends-means relation:

A. Means and End are convertible terms
B. End justify the means
C. There is no wall of separation between the means and the end
D. Means are never in our control
E. As the means so the end
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B, D only
2. C, D, E only
3. B, C, D only
4. A, C, E only

Correct Answer: 4. A, C, E only

Solution:

Gandhi's Ends-Means Relation
A. Means and End are convertible terms. Correct. Gandhi said that means and ends are inseparable-the end grows out of the means, like a tree from a seed.
B. End justify the means. Incorrect. Gandhi rejected this Machiavellian idea, insisting that unjust means cannot bring just ends.
C. There is no wall of separation between the means and the end. Correct. He believed there is continuity between means and ends, not two separate entities.
D. Means are never in our control. Incorrect. Gandhi stressed that means are always in our control, while the end is often not.
E. As the means so the end. Correct. The nature of the end is shaped entirely by the purity of the means. Correct Set: A, C, Е.

72. Identify the correct statements:

A. Direct and structural forms of violence are conceptually same.
B. In direct violence, the consequences of the act can be traced back to concrete persons as actors.
C. Positive peace is characterised by the absence of structural violence.
D. Negative peace is characterised by the presence of direct violence.
E. In structural violence, the consequences of the acts cannot be traced back to concrete persons because there may not be any person who directly harms another person in the structure.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B, C only
2. В, С, E only
3. B, D, E only
4. B, C, D only

Correct Answer: 2. В, С, E only

Solution:

Direct & Structural Violence - Peace Studies (Johan Galtung's framework)
A. Direct and structural forms of violence are conceptually same. Incorrect. They are conceptually distinct: direct violence = physical harm; structural violence = systemic inequality.
B. In direct violence, the consequences of the act can be traced back to concrete persons as actors. Correct. Example: war, assault, murder - the perpetrators can be identified.
C. Positive peace is characterised by the absence of structural violence. Correct. Positive peace means justice, equality, and harmony, not just no war.
D. Negative peace is characterised by the presence of direct violence. Incorrect. Negative peace means absence of direct violence (e.g., no war), but structural violence may still exist.
E. In structural violence, the consequences of the acts cannot be traced back to concrete persons. Correct. Example: poverty, discrimination - harm results from systems, not individuals directly. Correct Set: B, C, Е.

73. Identify the correct statements about war:

A. It is a conflict between or among groups.
B. It is distinguished by its scale or magnitude.
C. It is a conflict between or among political groups.
D. It is disorganized.
E. It reflects the technological and economic levels of developments of their age.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B, C only
2. B, C, E only
3. C, D, E only
4. A, B, D only

Correct Answer: 2. B, C, E only

Solution:

Nature of War
A. It is a conflict between or among groups. Correct. War involves organized conflict between collective entities, not individuals alone.
B. It is distinguished by its scale or magnitude. Correct. Unlike small clashes, war is recognized by its large scale and organized character.
C. It is a conflict between or among political groups. Correct. Classic definitions (e.g., Clausewitz) see war as politics by other means, fought between political communities like states or factions.
D. It is disorganized. Incorrect. War is by definition organized violence with strategies, leadership, and goals.
E. It reflects the technological and economic levels of development of their age. Correct. Wars historically showcase weapons, resources, and organizational capabilities of the period (e.g., nuclear weapons in the 20th century).
Correct Set: A, B, C, Е. Since options are limited, the closest correct option is: 2: B, C, E only (though A is also valid, but not included in the key).

74. Peace building refers to:

A. Efforts to assist countries and regions in their transition from war to peace.
B. Increasing military capability.
C. Strengthening national capacities for conflict management.
D. Reduce a country's risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict.
E. Proliferation of armaments.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B, C only
2. A, C, D only
3. B, D, E only
4. B, C, D only

Correct Answer: 2. A, C, D only

Solution:

Peacebuilding - Meaning
A. Efforts to assist countries and regions in their transition from war to peace. Correct. Peacebuilding supports post-conflict recovery and reconciliation.
B. Increasing military capability. Incorrect. This relates to militarization, not peacebuilding.
C. Strengthening national capacities for conflict management. Correct. Building institutions, justice systems, and governance is central to peacebuilding.
D. Reduce a country's risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict. Correct. Longterm peacebuilding addresses root causes to prevent recurrence of conflict.
E. Proliferation of armaments. Incorrect. This increases conflict risk, opposite to peacebuilding.
Correct Set: A, C, D.

75. Identify the correct statement regarding the concept of Culture of Peace:

A. It originated in Africa in 1989.
B. ECOSOC promotes it.
C. Promotes the principles of freedom, justice and democracy.
D. Advocates uniformity.
E. Consists of values, attitudes and behaviors that inspire social interaction.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B, C only
2. А, C, E only
3. B, C, D only
4. C, D, E only

Correct Answer: 2. А, C, E only

Solution:

Culture of Peace - Concept
A. It originated in Africa in 1989. Correct. The concept was first launched by UNESCO in Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), 1989.
B. ECOSOC promotes it. Incorrect. The UNESCO and UNGA (United Nations General Assembly) have been the main promoters, not ECOSOC.
C. Promotes the principles of freedom, justice and democracy. Correct. It emphasizes human rights, equality, and democratic participation.
D. Advocates uniformity. Incorrect. Instead, it celebrates diversity, tolerance, and pluralism.
E. Consists of values, attitudes and behaviors that inspire social interaction. Correct. This is a UNESCO definition, focusing on peaceful behavior and cooperation. Correct Set: A, C, E.

76. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

List-I (Temple/Stupa/Vihar)	List-II (Place)
A. Maya Devi Temple	I. Kusinara
B. Mahabodhi Temple	II. Saranatha
C. Parinirvana Temple	III. Lumbini
D. Mulagandha Kuty Vihar	IV. Bodhgaya

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
2. А-III, B-I, С-II, D-IV
3. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. A-II, В-II, С-I, D-IV

Correct Answer: 1. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Solution:

Match the following (Temple/Stupa/Vihar - Place)
A. Maya Devi Temple → Lumbini (III): The birthplace of Lord Buddha, Lumbini houses the Maya Devi Temple.
B. Mahabodhi Temple → Bodhgaya (IV): Built at the site of Buddha's enlightenment under the Bodhi tree.
C. Parinirvana Temple → Kusinara (I): Marks the Mahaparinirvana (death) of Buddha.
D. Mulagandha Kuty Vihar → Saranatha (II): Built in Sarnath, where Buddha gave his first sermon.
Correct Match: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-IІ.

77. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II:

List-I (Buddhist Monuments)	List-II (District)
A. Udantapuri	I. Raisen
B. Vikramasila	II. Nalanda
C. Sanchi	III. Aurangabad
D. Ajanta	IV. Bhagalpur

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
2. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
3. A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Correct Answer: 2. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Solution:

Match the following (Buddhist Monuments - Districts)
A. Udantapuri → Nalanda (II): Located in Bihar, near present-day Nalanda.
B. Vikramasila → Bhagalpur (IV): Founded by King Dharmapala (Pala dynasty) in Bihar, near Bhagalpur.
C. Sanchi → Raisen (I): Famous stupa site in Madhya Pradesh's Raisen district.
D. Ajanta → Aurangabad (III): Renowned Buddhist caves in Maharashtra's Aurangabad district.
Correct Match: A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-IIІ.

78. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

List-I (School)	List-II (Scholar)
A. Vaibhasika	I. Maitreyanatha
B. Sautrantika	II. Nagarjuna
C. Madhyamika	III. Kumaralata
D. Vijnanavada	IV. Vasubandhu

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
2. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
3. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
4. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I

Correct Answer: 3. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Solution:

Match the following (School - Scholar)
A. Vaibhasika → Vasubandhu (IV): Associated with Sarvastivada-Vaibhasika, Vasubandhu wrote Abhidharmakosha.
B. Sautrantika → Kumaralata (III): Early exponent of Sautrantika school, Kumaralata emphasized sutras over Abhidharma.
C. Madhyamika → Nagarjuna (II): Founder of the Madhyamika (Sunyavada) school.
D. Vijnanavada (Yogacara) → Maitreyanatha (I): Predecessor of Asanga and Vasubandhu in developing Yogacara-Vijnanavada.
Correct Match: A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I.

79. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

List-I	List-II
A. Three refuge	I. Sila, Samadhi, Prajna
B. Three characteristics	II. Anitya, Anatma, Dukha
C. Three teachings	III. Buddha, Dharma, Sangh
D. Three baskets	IV. Sutta, Vinaya, Abhidhamma

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
2. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
3. A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
4. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV

Correct Answer: 4. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV

Solution:

Match the following (Buddhist Concepts Meaning)
A. Three Refuges → Buddha, Dharma, Sangha (III): Known as Trisharana (I take refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, Sangha).
B. Three Characteristics → Anitya, Anatma, Dukha (II): The marks of existence: impermanence, non-self, suffering.
C. Three Teachings → Sila, Samadhi, Prajna (I): The threefold training in ethics, meditation, and wisdom.
D. Three Baskets → Sutta, Vinaya, Abhidhamma (IV): The Tripitaka (Pali Canon).
Correct Match: A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV.

80. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

List-I	List-II
A. (Karma) Actions	I. Omniscience
B. (Purusartha) Objectives	II. (Sukla) White
C. (Jnana) Knowledge	III. Name
D. (Dhyana) Meditation	IV. Salvation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
2. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
3. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I

Correct Answer: 1. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Solution:

Match the following (Jain Concepts - Meaning)
A. (Karma) Actions → Name (III): In Jainism, Nama Karma determines bodily form and physical features.
B. (Purusartha) Objectives → Salvation (IV): The highest purusartha (goal of life) is moksa (liberation).
C. (Jñana) Knowledge → Omniscience (I): The ultimate stage of knowledge is Kevala Jñana (omniscience).
D. (Dhyana) Meditation → (Sukla) White (II): Sukla-dhyana (pure meditation) leads toward liberation.
Correct Match: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.