UGC-NET (NTA) POPULATION STUDIES, December-2023

This captures the two main categories of non-sampling errors that can significantly impact demographic data. Coverage error occurs when certain groups or individuals are entirely missed or counted multiple times during data collection. This can happen due to factors like limitations in the sampling frame, difficulties in reaching specific populations, or misunderstandings about eligibility criteria. On the other hand, content error arises from inaccurate or incomplete information being collected. This can be caused by respondent errors (e.g., forgetfulness, misinterpretations), interviewer errors (e.g., leading questions, data entry mistakes), or processing errors during data cleaning and analysis.

The preferred sampling method depends on the characteristics of the population and the research objectives. In situation A, where the households within each stratum (cluster) have varying incomes, stratified sampling would be preferred because it allows for more precise estimation by ensuring representation from each income group. In situation B, where the households within each cluster have similar incomes but vary between clusters, cluster sampling would be preferred because it's more practical and cost-effective to sample entire clusters rather than individual households within each stratum.

Probability sampling methods, including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, probability proportion to size (PPS) sampling, and systematic sampling, are essential techniques used in research to select samples from populations in a way that ensures each unit has a known, non-zero chance of being included. Simple random sampling involves selecting units randomly from the population, while stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups and selects samples from each subgroup. PPS sampling assigns probabilities of selection proportional to the size or importance of units, and systematic sampling selects units at regular intervals from an ordered list.
Hence, correct options are (a), (b), (c), (d).

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) launched several key initiatives to improve healthcare delivery and access in rural areas of India. One such initiative was the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) program, which aimed to create a community-based cadre of health workers to bridge the gap between the community and the healthcare system. The Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees were established to promote community participation and accountability in healthrelated decision-making at the village level Additionally, Patient Welfare Committees were formed to address grievances and ensure quality healthcare services delivery.
Hence, correct options are (a), (b), (d).

In India, the food security agents encompass a diverse range of stakeholders crucial to ensuring adequate food availability, access, and utilization across the population. Farmers and cultivators play a pivotal role as primary producers, responsible for cultivating crops and contributing to the overall food production. Agricultural labourers also form an integral part of the agricultural workforce, involved in various activities related to farming and cultivation. Consumers, representing the end-users of food, are essential agents in the food security chain, as their access to affordable and nutritious food determines their overall well-being and health.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a global agenda for achieving a more sustainable and equitable future for all. Among the key goals included are zero hunger, aiming to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Good health and well-being encompass targets related to ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, focusing on issues such as reducing maternal and child mortality and combating communicable diseases. Gender equality is a fundamental goal aimed at eliminating discrimination and violence against women and girls, ensuring equal opportunities in decision-making processes, and achieving full gender equality in all spheres of life.
Hence, correct options are (a), (b), (d).

The impact formula proposed by Ehrlich (1990) aims to understand the relationship between population and environmental degradation by considering multiple factors. Affluence, representing the level of wealth or consumption in a society, influences resource utilization and environmental impact. Population size directly contributes to environmental pressures, as more people result in increased resource consumption and waste generation. Technology plays a crucial role in shaping environmental impact, as advancements can either mitigate or exacerbate resource depletion and pollution.
Hence, correct options are (a), (c), (d).

The characteristics of the eco-city model of sustainable urbanization typically include:
• Self-sustaining: Eco-cities aim to be self-sustaining in terms of resources such as energy, water, and food, minimizing reliance on external sources.
• Resilient building structure: Eco-cities prioritize resilient and environmentally friendly building structures that are energy-efficient, use sustainable materials, and are designed to withstand environmental hazards.
• Minimum waste generation: Eco-cities strive to minimize waste generation through strategies such as recycling, composting, and promoting a circular economy.
Hence, correct options are (a), (b), (c).

The methods used for the indirect estimation of migration include:
• Census Survival Ratio: This method compares the population enumerated in successive censuses to estimate net migration by subtracting natural population change from observed population change.
• Vital statistics methods: These methods utilize data on births, deaths, and marriages to indirectly infer migration patterns, such as analyzing changes in age-specific fertility or mortality rates.
Hence, correct options are (b), (c).