UGC-NET (NTA) POPULATION STUDIES, December-2023

Components are part of Reproductive Health:
• Family Planning: This involves the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children, as well as the spacing and timing of their births.
• Sexual health: Sexual health is a fundamental component of reproductive health, encompassing physical, emotional, mental, and social aspects related to sexuality and sexual relationships.
• Maternal health: Maternal health specifically focuses on the health and well-being of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, including aspects such as access to prenatal care, safe delivery, and postnatal support.
Hence, correct options are (a), (d), (e).

Theories of fertility transition:
• Caldwell's theory of wealth flows: Caldwell's theory emphasizes the role of economic development and changes in wealth flows within societies in driving fertility decline. It suggests that as societies undergo economic transformation, traditional patterns of childbearing, which were once economically advantageous, become less relevant, leading to a decline in fertility rates.
• Ideational theory: The ideational theory posits that changes in ideas, values, and norms surrounding family size and reproduction play a crucial role in fertility transition. This theory suggests that shifts in cultural attitudes towards smaller families, increased emphasis on individual autonomy, education, and women's empowerment contribute to fertility decline.
Hence, correct options are (a), (b).

Period measures of fertility:
• Child-woman ratio: This ratio compares the number of children in a population to the number of women of reproductive age, but it doesn't provide information specific to a particular time period.
• Gross reproduction rate (GRR): GRR measures the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she experienced current age-specific fertility rates throughout her reproductive years. It offers a snapshot of fertility levels at a specific time.
• Net reproduction rate (NRR): Similar to GRR, NRR measures the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman over her lifetime, considering mortality rates as well. It provides an estimate of fertility needed for a population to replace itself in the long run.
• Total fertility rate (TFR): TFR represents the average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime based on current age-specific fertility rates. It's a key period measure of fertility, indicating fertility levels at a specific time.
Hence, correct options are (a), (b), (c), (e).

Preconditions for a substantial fertility decline, according Ansley Coale:
• Acceptance of calculated choice as a vital element in marital fertility reflects a shift in mindset towards family planning and conscious decision-making regarding family size.
• Perception of advantages from reduced fertility suggests that individuals or communities recognize the benefits associated with smaller family sizes, such as improved economic opportunities, better health outcomes, and enhanced quality of life.
• Knowledge and mastery of effective techniques of control entail access to and understanding of contraception methods or other means of fertility control.
Hence, correct options are (a), (b), (c).

Correct pairs are: ·
• Vandana Shiva is a prominent environmental activist and scholar known for her work in "Ecofeminism", which explores the interconnectedness of environmental issues and feminist perspectives. She discusses how the exploitation of women and nature are linked within patriarchal structures.
• Judith Butler is a philosopher and gender theorist whose work "Gender Trouble" is a foundational text in gender studies. In this book, Butler challenges traditional notions of gender identity and argues that gender is performative, meaning that it is constructed through repeated actions and behaviors rather than being innate or natural.
• Bina Aggarwal, an economist, authored "A Field of One's Own," which explores the role of women in agriculture and land ownership. Her work examines the complexities of gender relations within agricultural economies and highlights the importance of women's access to and control over land resources.
• Doreen Massey was a geographer known for her contributions to spatial theory. In "Space, Place and Gender," Massey delves into the intersection of geography, gender, and social theory, exploring how space and place shape and are shaped by gender relations.

Correct pairs are:
• "Theory of fertility decline" is associated with J.C. Caldwell. J.C. Caldwell is a demographer known for his influential theories on fertility transition, particularly in developing countries.
• "Population and Technology" is authored by E. Boserup. Esther Boserup was an economist who contributed significantly to the understanding of population dynamics and their relationship with agricultural practices and technological change.
• "India: Population, Economy, Society" is written by R.H. Cassen. R.H. Cassen is an economist who has conducted extensive research on various aspects of India's population, economy, and society, particularly focusing on demographic trends and their implications.
• "A Population History of India" is associated with Tim Dyson. Tim Dyson is a historian and demographer whose work delves into the historical patterns of population growth and demographic change in India.

Correct pairs are:
• Measles: Measles is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the measles virus. It spreads through coughing, sneezing, or close contact with infected mucus or saliva. The measles virus infects the respiratory tract and can cause fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis), and a red, blotchy rash. So, it's a Communicable disease.
• Cerebrovascular disease: Cerebrovascular disease is a general term for conditions that affect blood flow to the brain. It's caused by lifestyle factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking, as well as genetics. So, it's a Non-communicable disease.
• Hepatitis: Hepatitis is a viral infection that inflames the liver. There are five main types of hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. It can spread through contact with infected blood, such as from sharing needles or syringes, or from sexual contact with an infected person. So, it is caused by a Virus.
• Shigellosis: Shigellosis is a bacterial infection that causes diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. It's spread through contaminated food or water or through close contact with an infected person. So, it is spread through contaminated Food and water.

Correct pairs are:
• Ravenstein: Ravenstein proposed laws of migration, one of which involves the distance between the origin and destination of migrants (Distance between origin and destination).
• Harris and Todaro: They proposed the Harris-Todaro model, which explains rural-urban migration based on the wage differential between rural and urban areas (Rural and urban wage differential).
• Lee: Lee proposed the push-pull theory of migration, which suggests that people migrate due to factors pushing them out of their origin and pulling them towards a destination (Push and Pull).
• Lewis: Lewis developed the dual-sector model, which describes the movement of surplus labour from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector in developing countries (Surplus Labour).