UGC-NET (NTA) POPULATION STUDIES, December-2023

Population conference chronologically (old to new) by name of the city:
• Rome: The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) took place in Rome in 1954.
• Bucharest: The Bucharest Conference on Population was held in 1974.
• Mexico City: The World Population Conference was held in Mexico City in 1984.
• Cairo: The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was held in Cairo in 1994.
Hence, correct options are (b), (a), (c), (d).

Zelineskey's model of migration from 1st to 4th stage:
• Low mobility: This typically characterizes the initial stage, where mobility, both internal and international, is limited due to various factors such as lack of infrastructure, economic opportunities, or political stability.
• Rural to urban and international: As societies progress, rural to urban migration increases as people move to cities in search of better opportunities. Additionally, international migration may also increase as economic conditions improve and globalization facilitates movement across borders.
• Slowing down of international: In later stages, international migration may slow down due to factors such as economic integration, stringent immigration policies, or geographical barriers.
• Very low international and urban to urban: In the final stage, international migration remains low, and there may be increased mobility within urban areas as people move from rural areas to cities in search of opportunities.
Hence, correct options are (c), (a), (b), (d).

Data sources chronologically by their year of inception from old to new:
• Census: The decennial census in India has a long history and has been conducted regularly since 1872.
• NSS (National Sample Survey): The NSS was initiated in 1950-51 to collect socio-economic data using sample surveys.
• SRS (Sample Registration System): The SRS was established in 1969 to provide reliable estimates of birth and death rates at the national and sub-national levels.
• NFHS (National Family Health Survey): The NFHS program began in 1992-93 to provide essential data on health and family welfare indicators.
• LASI (Longitudinal Ageing Study in India): The LASI is the newest among the listed sources, initiated in 2020 to study the health, economic, and social dimensions of aging in India.
Hence, correct options are (c), (a), (e), (b), (d).

Statement I: This statement is generally correct. In high mortality situations, such as in less developed regions or during historical periods with poor healthcare access, the death rate tends to be high in early childhood due to factors like infectious diseases and in old age due to age-related ailments. This results in a U-shaped curve when plotting death rates against age.
Statement II: This statement is also generally correct. At low mortality levels, such as in more developed regions or with improved healthcare access, the mortality pattern shifts to a J-shaped curve. There's higher mortality in the very early period of life (infancy and early childhood) due to factors like neonatal complications, but this drops to a low level after the early hazards are overcome. Mortality then remains relatively low throughout much of adulthood but increases in old age due to age-related diseases and conditions.

Assertion (A) is not correct. The epidemiological transition involves shifts in mortality and disease patterns associated with socioeconomic development, which cannot impact women's access to reproductive healthcare and their ability to control their fertility.
Reason (R) is correct as in agricultural societies, women are often occupied with pregnancy and childcare, allowing men to manipulate and exploit them by tying their status to reproduction and child-rearing. In such societies, women's value and status were indeed tied to their roles as mothers and caretakers, while men held greater control over social and economic resources.

Statement I define sensitivity, which is a measure of how well a diagnostic test can correctly identify individuals who have the disease. In other words, sensitivity tells us the proportion of true positive results among all individuals who actually have the disease. A highly sensitive test will correctly identify most people who have the disease, minimizing false negatives.
Statement II defines specificity, which is a measure of how well a diagnostic test can correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease. Specificity tells us the proportion of true negative results among all individuals who do not have the disease. A highly specific test will correctly identify most people who do not have the disease, minimizing false positives.

Assertion (A) is correct: This statement accurately describes the concept of the population hurdle. When a population grows rapidly, it requires a significant increase in investment just to maintain the existing standard of living, let alone improve it. If investment falls short of this growing need, it can lead to a vicious cycle of poverty where resources become increasingly scarce and living standards stagnate or decline.
Reason (R) is not correct: The provided reason is unclear and doesn't directly explain the population hurdle. It mentions "west products" and "west" (likely a typo for "waste"), which are not directly related to the concept. It also doesn't address the core issue of resource allocation in the context of population growth.

Statement (I) correctly states that the World Fertility Survey (WFS) began in 1972 with financial assistance from USAID (United States Agency for International Development). This statement accurately reflects the origin and funding of the WFS.
Statement (II) suggests that India participated in the World Fertility Survey (WFS). However, this statement is incorrect. India did not participate in the WFS. While the WFS was a global initiative that aimed to collect fertility and reproductive health data from various countries, India did not join the survey during its implementation.