UGC NTA NET/JRF Exam, Forensic Science, January-2025

Total Questions: 100

81. Arrange the following in the correct order of sequence for forensic document examination:

A. Visualization and examination of document under video spectral comparator
B. Physical parameters such as: dimensions, opacity, thickness, watermarks examination
C. Visual examination of document for traces of any possible forgery or misrepresentation
D. Examination under sterozoom microscope for 3D images
E. Thin layer chromatography for ink examination of questioned documents
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. C, B, D, E, A
2. C, B, E, A, D
3. C, E, B, A, D
4. C, B, D, A, E

Correct Answer: 4. C, B, D, A, E

Solution:

The order of forensic document examination goes from simple, non-destructive checks to more complex and destructive analyses.

C. Visual examination: always first, scanning for erasures, overwriting, or misrepresentation with the naked eye.

B. Physical parameters: measure thickness, opacity, and check watermarks - still nondestructive and informative.

D. Stereozoom microscope: magnified 3D view to assess strokes, impressions, and fibre disturbances.

A. Video spectral comparator (VSC): exposes alterations and different inks using multiple light sources.

E. Thin layer chromatography: destructive ink analysis, so reserved for the final stage.

82. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

List-I (Characteristics)	List-II (Meaning)
A. Buckle-knot	I. It is a part of a stroke characterized by an abrupt beginning or end
B. Eyelet/eyeloop	II. It is a horizontal or loop stroke used to complete letters like A, H, F and D
C. Blunt	III. It refers to a small oblong stroke
D. Knob	IV. It is a tiny pool of ink at the beginning or ending of a stroke

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
3. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
4. A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II

Correct Answer: 3. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

Solution:

A. Buckle-knot → II: A buckle-knot is a looped or horizontal stroke used to finish letters such as f or d. It adds a distinctive flourish in cursive, fitting the description of "a horizontal or loop stroke used to complete letters like A, H, Fand D".

B. Eyelet/Eyeloop → III: This refers to a small, oblong stroke or loop typically formed in letters like e, a, or o. The match with "а small oblong stroke" is exact.

C. Blunt → I: A blunt stroke is one with an abrupt start or end, lacking tapering. It shows pressure or hesitation at the point where the pen touches or leaves the paper, which matches the definition of "a part of a stroke characterized by an abrupt beginning or end".

D. Knob → IV: A knob is a small, rounded concentration of ink at the start or end of a stroke, formed by a pause or extra pressure. This aligns with the definition of "a tiny pool of ink at the beginning or ending of a stroke".

83. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

List-I (Effects/Features)	List-II (Process)
A. Herschel effects	I. Anti-counterfeiting process
B. Moire effect	II. Cylinder mould process
C. Grabber marks	III. Black and white photography
D. Detailed and clear watermarks	IV. Photocopied documents

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
2. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
3. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
4. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Correct Answer: 1. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Solution:

A. Herschel →III (Black and white photography): The Herschel effect describes a phenomenon in older black and white photography where prolonged exposure to light reduced photographic sensitivity, linked with desensitization of emulsions.

B. Moiré effect→ I (Anti-counterfeiting process): This optical effect arises when two fine patterns overlap to produce visible interference patterns. It is intentionally used in banknotes and secure documents to prevent counterfeiting.

C. Grabber marks → IV (Photocopied documents): These are mechanical marks caused by the rollers and paper feeders in photocopiers. They can help trace the make or model of the copier used.

D. Detailed and clear watermarks → II (Cylinder mould process): Cylinder mould paper manufacturing allows embedding of intricate, high-quality watermarks into the structure of paper, making forgery detection easier.

84. The basic principles of handwriting states that:

A. Writing is a complex and highly developed skill.
B. No two people write exactly alike in an extended handwriting sample.
C. Handwriting contains natural variations so that no two writing samples by the same writer will be exactly same.
D. The use of signature in legal and financial transaction is possible because of unique characteristics.
E. The document examiner can differentiate between genuine and non-genuine writing with experience.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A and B only
2. B and C only
3. C and D only
4. D and E only

Correct Answer: 2. B and C only

Solution:

Two fundamental principles guide handwriting analysis:
B. No two people write exactly alike: individuality arises from unconscious habits.
C. Handwriting naturally varies: even one writer never reproduces writing identically. Other statements describe skills, applications, or examiner expertise but are not core forensic principles.

85. While taking request writings, which of the following conditions should be ensured?

A. The suspect should be given proper sitting in well illuminated room.
B. The suspect should be shown questioned document for better comparison of his writing with same text.
C. The suspect can write any text using any writing instrument.
D. The suspect should be dictated similar words, phrases and letters combination as found in questioned document.
E. The suspect should be given similar or same writing instrument and writing surface as the used in writing questionable sample.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B, C only
2. В, С, D only
3. C, D, E only
4. A, D, E only

Correct Answer: 4. A, D, E only

Solution:

Request writings must be taken under controlled conditions to be reliable.

A. Proper seating and illumination: ensures comfort and natural writing.
D. Dictated similar words/phrases: guarantees that questioned elements appear in the sample for comparison.
E. Same or similar instrument and paper: controls for tool and surface effects.

Not correct: showing the questioned document (B) risks disguise, and allowing any text or instrument (C) prevents valid comparison.

86. For PMI estimation, probably most important isolatable insects are:

A. Wasp
B. Flies
C. Beetle
D. Ants
E. Mosquitos
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. B and C only
2. А, В and C only
3. A, D and E only
4. B, C and E only

Correct Answer: 1. B and C only

Solution:

Flies (B): especially blowflies and flesh flies, are the earliest and most important insects for PMI (postmortem interval) estimation since they colonize a body within hours after death.

Beetles (C): arrive later and feed on decaying tissues; their succession patterns are also useful for PMI.

Wasps, ants, mosquitos: can be present but are not primary or reliable PMI indicators. Thus, flies and beetles are considered the most important isolatable insects for estimating PМІ.

87. Arrange the following in the correct order of occurrence:

A. Hard steel dies strikes the surface of metal with a larger force which disturbs the crystalline micro structure of metal resulting in metal getting compressed.
B. When a suitable chemical is applied, the unstrain and strained areas will dissolve the metals in different manners and rate.
C. This would result in appearance of original numbers.
D. As soon as the number appears, it may be immediately photographed.
E. The number remains visibly for a short time and disappears. On applications of chemical again the number will reappeared again.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. А, B, C, D, E
2. A. B, C, E, D
3. E. D, C, B. A
4. C, D, E, B, A

Correct Answer: 1. А, B, C, D, E

Solution:

A. Original stamping process disturbs the crystalline microstructure of the metal below the surface.

B. On applying chemicals, strained and unstrained areas etch at different rates.

C. This differential dissolution reveals the original numbers.

D. Once the digits appear, they are photographed immediately for documentation.

E. Numbers fade with time but can reappear with reapplication of chemicals. This represents the correct sequence of chassis number restoration.

88. Stages of decomposition of body after death:

A. Decay stage
B. Bloated stage
C. Skeletal stage
D. Post decay stage
E. First stage
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. E, D, B, A, C
2. A, C, D, E, В
3. E, A, B, D, C
4. E, B, A, D, C

Correct Answer: 4. E, B, A, D, C

Solution:

E. First stage (Fresh): Immediately after death; lividity, algor, rigor mortis begin.
B. Bloated stage: Putrefaction gases build up, swelling occurs.
A. Decay stage: Soft tissues break down, strong odor, fluid release.
D. Post-decay stage: Most soft tissues gone, body dries, mummification possible.
C. Skeletal stage: Only bones and hair remain.

89. Determine of potassium in eye level is important for:

1. Time since death
2. Toxicological assessment for blood
3. To estimate the age of victim
4. Sex determination

Correct Answer: 1. Time since death

Solution:

Potassium concentration in the vitreous humor of the eye rises in a predictable manner after death due to diffusion from surrounding tissues. This makes it a key biochemical method for estimating the postmortem interval (time since death).

90. Which ethical principle involves ensuring that forensic scientists report all resulted even if the findings contradict initial expectations or desire of the client?

1. Justice
2. Impartiality
3. Objectivity
4. Honesty

Correct Answer: 3. Objectivity

Solution:

The principle of objectivity requires forensic scientists to report all results fairly, whether they support or contradict expectations or the client's interest. Findings must be presented without bias to ensure integrity of forensic evidence.