UGC NTA NET/JRF Re-EXAM, June 2024 HISTORY (Shift-I)

Kapalikas and Kalamukhas were the major sects of Shaivism. The Nayanar saints popularized Shaivism in South India. Shaiva Siddhanta recognizes three eternal principles: God (Shiva), the universe, and the soul. Furthermore, the Agamas composed by followers of Shaiva Siddhanta, Kashmiri Shaivism, and the Veerashaiva tradition are considered authoritative texts.

The Renaissance began in Italy in the 16th century and within a short period of time, it swept across Europe. From a historical perspective, the Renaissance highlighted the humanistic aspect of history and established its importance, but it did not contribute to the emergence of non-specialist historians. It gave rise to a new school of humanistic historians and brought about a change in people's historical perspective.

The fundamental objective of Mughal emperor Akbar's religious policy was to establish universal tolerance. He abolished the pilgrimage tax in 1563. He built the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri in 1575 and proclaimed the Mazhar in 1579. In 1581-82, Akbar introduced a new ideology called Din-i-Ilahi (Tauhid-i-Ilahi), which some historians consider a new religion.

The Maratha Empire was founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Later, under the Peshwas, the Maratha Empire became pan-Indian. By 1800, the Maratha Empire had become a confederation of five major chiefdoms: the Peshwas in Pune, the Gaekwads in Baroda, the Scindias in Gwalior, the Holkars in Indore, and the Bhonsles in Nagpur. The Maratha Empire's history was marked by conflict with the British.

The correct chronological order is

The revolt of 1857 is called India's first war of independence. V.D. Savarkar, in his 1909 book, *The Indian War of Independence*, called it a national war of independence. According to him, the revolts of 1826- 27, 1831-32, 1840, and 1854 were precursors to the great war of 1857. Furthermore, L.E.R. Rees described this revolt as a "war of fanatics against Christians," T.R. Holmes called it a 'war between barbarism and civilization' and James Outram and W. Taylor called it a 'Hindu-Muslim conspiracy'.

The correct match is

In the context of the growth and development of painting in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Calcutta School of Art was established in 1854. In 1905, Abanindranath Tagore first painted the picture of Bharat Mata. This painting depicts the Mother Goddess providing education, food, and clothing.
Ravi Varma's paintings were exhibited at the Madras session of the Congress held in 1903, and around the same time, the British awarded him the title of Vaisar-e-Hind (1904). Kalighat painting (Calcutta) was initiated by the Patua community in the mid-19th century.

Rana Kumbha (Kumbhakarna) of Mewar wrote three books on the science of music, namely Sangeet Raga, Sangeet Mimansa, and Surprabandha. He wrote a commentary on the Sangeet Ratnakar, written by Sarangdev. He commissioned the Kirti/Vijay Stambh to be built in Chittor in 1448 AD. He also wrote a commentary on Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, titled Rasik Priya.